Familiar wild birds

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

PRESENTED BY

PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

S

0

FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS

FAMILIAE

WILD BIKDS

BY

W. SWAYSLAND

JFirst Series
WITH COLOURED PLATES

CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED

LONDON, PARIS <fc MELBOURNE

AI*L EIGHTS RESERVED

- ••*
PBEFACE.

How much the charm of country life is due to the song of
the birds it is very difficult to realise. And still less
generally known is the wonderful variety of bird life in
even hyper-civilised England. By many a country lad
every note heard and every bird seen is alike known and
recognised j but to many of those whose daily walks are
limited to the stone pavements of our large cities, save
that they probably know a robin and a sparrow when they
see either, a bird is simply " a bird " and no more. To
pourtray the many varieties of birds which yet visit, breed
in, or live in England ; to describe their haunts, habits,
eggs, and appearance; is, therefore, a pleasant task, which
may perchance add, for many, a fresh charm to their brief
experiences of country life.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

GOLDFINCH 1

MAGPIE 5

BULLFINCH 9

STARLING 13

CHAFFINCH . 17

RAVEN 21

LINNET 25

ROOK . - 29

COMMON WKEN 33

JAY 37

HOUSE SPARROW .41

JACKDAW 45

COMMON GROUSE . . 49

KESTREL S3

ROBIN 57

REDPOLL » . •• 61

RINGDOVE 65

WRYNECK 69

GOLDEN-CRESTED WREN . 73

WHITETHROAT 77

vm CONTENTS.

PAGE

THRUSH 81

SISKIN .... 85

GREENFINCH 89

REDSTART 93

TEAL 97

NUTHATCH 101

BLACKBIRD . . . . 105

GREAT TIT 109

COMMON GULL 113

GREEN WOODPECKER 117

KINGFISHER 121

MOOR-HEN 125

NIGHTINGALE .... 129

LAPWING 133

BARN-OWL 137

CROSSBILL 141

BY R. KEARTON.

EGGS AND EGG-COLLECTING 145

FAMILIAR

WILD BIEDS.

THE GOLDFINCH.

Fringilla cardaells — LINNJEUS. Carduelis elegans — M'GiLLiVBAY.

ANY are the birds deserving the
attention of ornithologists ; but
few more so than the sprightly
Goldfinch. Unfortunately, of
late years our little friends have
greatly decreased in numbers ;
and so much has this been de-
plored, that, as a last resort,
even the aid of Parliament has
been invoked to help preserve
this and other sweet little birds
from extirpation.

The truthful accuracy of the
artist's brush renders description
superfluous ; we need merely
draw the reader's attention to it
to call forth the acknowledgment
that the Goldfinch is undoubtedly
one of the most strikingly beau-
tiful of British birds. It is
about five inches in length, the
hen being a trifle smaller; but
the difference between the sexes

2 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

is so minute, that few, except naturalists, can distinguish
it. In the hen (although they frequently differ) it will
be generally found that the feathers immediately over the
beak are light brown instead of black; the crimson
tc blaze " does not extend past the eye ; and the black
feathers upon the crown of the head are edged with brown,
as also are the small feathers at the shoulder of the wing.

Being generally distributed throughout England, in the
spring-time this interesting pair of birds are to be found
busily " prospecting " their neighbourhood in search of a
nesting-place. Although a preference is shown for the
forked branches of an apple or pear tree in an orchard, yet
they sometimes choose an oak, elm, or other tree, and upon
the lichen-covered branches they industriously commence
building their nest. This structure is a masterpiece of bird
architecture, composed of moss, wool, and other materials,
with a lining of horse-hair, and an inner and softer lining
of the down procured by the birds from the ripe seeds of
the dandelion and groundsel; the exterior being embellished
in so lavish a manner with lichen, that it is scarcely
distinguishable from the tree in which it is built.

The eggs are about five in number, of a pale greenish-
blue, spotted and streaked with purple and brown at the
larger end. After fourteen days the young are hatched,
and are fed from the crop by both parents until able to
leave the nest, when the birds escort their little family to
some convenient spot where food is plentiful, and there
continue feeding them for a few days with most assiduous
attention.

:. The parent birds are at this time feeding principally
upon the seeds of the dandelion and groundsel, often
visiting the sides of the country roads for the former,

THE GOLDFINCH. 3

whilst a neglected garden will offer a choice selection of
the latter.

Meanwhile the hen has not been idle, but has selected
a site for a new nest, and the male bird rejoining her, they
go through their domestic programme anew. Goldfinches
have often as many as four nests in the year, so that
their powers of propagation are very great.

Although building so elaborate a. nest, some Goldfinches,
from choosing slender branches that sway with the wind,
often find the contents of their nests are consequently
blown away by severe gales. The use of horse-hair is
sometimes disastrous, as in one case we remember finding
the hen dead, hanging by a noose of hair from her own
nest.

The young birds, called until their first moult " grey-
pates/7 from having mottled grey heads, backs, and breasts,
instead of the adult red, black, white, and brown, have
otherwise the appearance of the mature birds, inasmuch as
the flight and tail feathers are retained until the second
moult. In the months of August and September and
beginning of October, the different broods having for a long
time congregated in such places as afford the most abundant
supply of button- weed, thistles, &c., used in the latter month
sometimes to number as many as two hundred birds, though
those proportions are seldom attained now. By that time
almost all the young birds have attained the adult plumage,
and commence their migration, proceeding in small flocks
towards the south coast, passing Brighton, and from Beachy
Head and adjacent parts of the coast start upon their journey
across the English Channel. But the Goldfinch is only par-
tially migratory, and whilst so many proceed upon their peril-
ous journey in search of warmer climes, a great many stay

4 FAMILIAR WILD SIJRDS.

behind and brave the rigours of our climate. In a severe
winter (such as that of 1880-1881) many birds perish, and
amongst them the Goldfinch suffers severely, numbers
having been picked up dead from the effects of cold and
hunger. Through the winter those remaining are found in
various localities feeding upon the seeds of the thistle,
button-weed, teazle, and even hanging upon the alder-trees
searching for the seeds. These form their staple food, but
the appetite of the Goldfinch requires change, and many
another seed serves to support its existence through the
winter.

Those birds remaining in this country through the
winter are known by the name of " harbour birds," whilst
those arriving in spring-time from abroad are known as
" flight birds.1" The latter are far the handsomer, a foreign
and warmer climate having intensified the brilliancy of
their plumage, and are easily distinguishable from the
less forward " harbour birds." The " flight birds " arrive
in this country about the beginning of April, and, after
mating, commence their arrangements for nesting as
described.

THE MAGPIE.

Corvus pica — Lixx^rs, PENNANT, BEWICK.

find among our familiar wild
birds, perhaps, none more
thoroughly familiar than the
Magpie ; yet it falls to the
lot of few of those with whom
it is a household name to see
it wild. In fact, it is more as
a household pet that people
know the Magpie, and those
who are only acquainted with
the clipped or caged bird, that
has probably been reared by
hand from the nest, can have
but a faint idea of his very
handsome appearance, and little
idea of the audacious pilferings
(not to use a harder phrase) of
this restless but interesting bird
when wild. The habits of the
Magpie in a natural state re-
main, however, even in confine-
ment. It seems to be a part
of the bird's existence to steal
and hide. Most of us remember the nursery-tales of
the " Basket of Eggs " and the " Maid and the Magpie/'

6 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

which have been the theme of several dramas and at least
one opera. But it must not be thought that the Magpie's
brains are wholly devoted to thieving, for, generally suc-
cessful freebooter as he is, yet he also combines discretion
with his audacity, and, consequently, in building a nest,
having selected a partner in housekeeping, the pair will
be found to choose the topmost branch of a tall tree, or the
top of a tall thick hedgerow as its site ; and bird-nesters
can vouch for the general security of either. Twined
around these forked branches, they construct a large nest
with an outside foundation of sharp, thorny sticks and
twigs interlaced, then lined with mud or earth, and again
lined with fibrous roots and dry grasses ; but over and
above this is placed a dome-like structure, which serves as
a covering from the bad weather, and also as a protection
from enemies. It is said that the female sits with her
head facing the aperture, so that a good escape may be
made should danger threaten; but after climbing a tall
tree it is difficult to determine that point.

Early in the spring-time, within her carefully appointed
nest, the hen Magpie deposits from six to seven eggs, of a
pale, dull, bluish-white, with spots of an ash-colour and
greenish-brown distributed somewhat generally. The
young are blessed with appetites of such a kind as to entail
upon the parent birds an exceptional amount of labour in
the effort to supply them with food. Whilst they are in
the nest many of the surrounding happy homes of other
birds are rifled of their young, and go towards supplying
the Magpie's larder. Not only wild birds, but the inno-
cent farm-yard chicken, young hares, rabbits, and other
game are likewise laid under contribution. When other
food fails (and the Magpie cannot expect always to

THE MAGPIE. 7

obtain such dainties as described) it will then descend
to feed upon frogs, efts, beetles, cockchafers, carrion of
all kinds, and even grain ; in short, everything a Magpie
can get, by fair means or foul, is held to be its proper
prey.

In consequence of so many adverse opinions, the guns
of the gamekeeper and farmer are ever pointed at the Mag-
pie, but no doubt the bird fills its proper place in the
general scheme of Nature, and might bring forward many
good arguments as to its usefulness.

After leaving the nest, the young are generally to be
found haunting the district of their nesting-place, and may
be seen chattering to one another upon the confines of a
small wood or copse, from whence a pair will start upon a
foraging expedition to the next wood, followed at short
intervals by the rest of the family. Their chattering
garrulity is at once the signal for the inhabitants of the
invaded wood to be " up in arms/' and the excitement is
consequently intense. A wood or woods upon the side of
a hill or waste-lands are the Magpie's favourite haunts.
The birds show considerable affection for certain localities,
and even the influence of security and food are not
sufficient to induce them to take up their residence
elsewhere ; but when once they have settled upon a locality,
even the despoiling of the nest will not deter Magpies
from remaining in their favourite abode. Indeed, we have
noticed instances where the Magpies were shot, but another
pair took possession of the district.

Wherever this may be, the Magpies may be seen not
only in summer, but also during winter. In spite of
its long tail and rakish appearance, the Magpie has a
dull, heavy flight, and when upon the wing is very

8 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

different to the smart, active, and inquisitive bird it appears
when in confinement.

The female Magpie, as is the case with most o£ the
Corvidse family, is generally a trifle larger than the male,
though possibly this rule is subject to variation.; its
plumage is not so brilliant, though the difference between
the sexes is difficult for amateurs to determine.

Having, in common with the Raven and others of this
family, a broad tongue, the Magpie will learn to imitate
the human voice, and is consequently often reared from
the nest and made a household pet ; but if secured within
a cage its restlessness invariably occasions a broken tail,
whilst the partial freedom of a clipped wing is a source of
insecurity to all. Anything glittering is an especial trophy
to a Magpie's eye, and is forthwith taken away and
hidden, whilst the dog in the kennel has to keep as sharp
a look-out upon his dish of bones as the cook in the
kitchen upon her more sumptuous dainties.

NATURAL SIZE j

THE BULLFINCH.

Loxia pyrrhula — PENNANT ; BEWICK.
Pyrrhula vulgaris — FLEMING ; SELBY.

ROM the extreme richness of colour
displayed throughout its plu-
mage, this handsome bird has
long possessed a prominent
position as a cage-bird; and
this not alone because of its
rich red breast, delicately-
shaded grey back, and deep
purple-black head, tail, and
wings (the latter crossed in a
beautiful manner with white),
which are known to almost all
bird-lovers; but more particu-
larly because the Bullfinch pos-
sesses the power of imitation
in a very high degree, and if
taken from the nest and reared
by hand, may be taught to
pipe a tune more readily than
any other bird. Many persons, how-
ever, having obtained possession of a
Bullfinch, have been somewhat mortified
to find that its natural song is but a plaintive little phrase
often repeated in a monotonous manner, and its "call"
2

10 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

peculiarly melancholy ! The Bullfinch, however, becomes
particularly tame.

Though possessing such handsome plumage, the Bull-
finch is somewhat heavily huilt, the shape of the head
and thickness of the throat having undoubtedly earned
its name.

In general arrangement of plumage, the hen is some-
what similar to the male, except that the splendid red
of the breast and grey of the back is supplied by a dull
brown.

An inhabitant of the whole of England, Scotland, and
Ireland, it is also well known upon the continent, the
Russian Bullfinches being renowned for their exceptionally
large size, whilst Germany is the head- quarters of the
"piping schools/'' The Bullfinches of Sussex, too, are
notable, most of the prize birds at the Crystal Palace
and other shows of late years having emanated from
that neighbourhood.

The Bullfinch is extremely fond of trees and hedge-
rows, sheltered woods and thickets, but in early spring
will quit those haunts for gardens and orchards, in its
search for food; and it is at this time that it is often
found picking the buds of the fruit-trees. Many a con-
troversy has been the consequence, and ingenious apologists
have suggested that " Bully " is only picking out the insect-
eaten buds ; but we fear that in few cases would he choose
a damaged one for the sake of the insect if a rich fruit-
blossom bud were near. In autumn the ripe blackberries
that abound in woods and thickets are a favourite food.
Later, in winter, privet berries and dockseeds are its staple ;
and the Bullfinch may be seen in country roads making
a meal upon the docks and plantains that grow by the

THE BULLFINCH. 11

wayside. At other times its food consists of the seeds
and leaves of the groundsel and sow-thistle, and the re-
maining hips and haws that have escaped the winter, or
any other seeds it may find in its foraging expeditions.
The Bullfinch commences preparations for breeding in
the beginning of April. It builds a somewhat loose
nest compared with some birds of this class, the structure
being composed mostly of twigs and fine roots, with an
inner lining of horsehair. This is placed securely in the
lower branches of a tree, or the top of a high bush. A
very favourite haunt of the Bullfinch is in the quickset
hedge which is planted alongside many of our railways,
this being generally secluded, and so permitting the birds
to live and breed in comparative security. In common
with most small birds, Bullfinches have many enemies;
and, as if in fear, they wait until the foliage is well
spread over the branches before building their nest; but
even this precaution is often of no avail, for the clipping
of the hedge will often expose the nest. Yet man is
certainly not the Bullfinch's worst enemy, for not only
jays, but stoats and weasels, are on the watch to destroy
them. Unfortunately for the Bullfinch (with other vic-
tims), these marauders are far more successful than would
be imagined, as a great many nests in a district are rifled
of their contents by them in a very short time. How-
ever, after the first outburst of sorrow at their loss, the
birds almost directly recommence their labours, and in
a short time another nest is built, and duly furnished
with another set of eggs. They generally have as many
as three nests in the year, and, if any of those nests are
destroyed, will even exceed that number. There are
generally five eggs, of a pale blue colour, speckled and

12 FAMILIAR WILL BIRDS,

streaked with purple at the larger end, and they take
about fifteen days in hatching, the hen sitting very
closely, whilst the male pays her every attention. The
young are fed from the crop by the parent birds until
of sufficient age to shift for themselves, when the parents
commence building afresh. At this time the plumage
of the young is considerably different from the male parent
bird ; the breast being yellowish-brown, and the black upon
the head and the grey upon the back gre}7ish-brown, until
the first moult. The sex is not distinguishable until
moulting discloses red feathers upon the breast.

There having been several instances of this bird turning
black : it has been said by most naturalists, from the
Rev. Gilbert White, of Selborne, down to the present
day, that this was the result of feeding upon hemp seed;
but one in our possession, which was fed entirely upon
canary seed, by successive moults turned completely black.
Pied birds with beautiful pink breasts have several times
been taken, and one was once caught that was almost
entirely white, but it soon died.

( V2 NATURAL SIZE)

THE STABLING.

Stnrnns vulgar is — LINXJEUS.

ERHAPS there is no bird that
does so much real good to the
husbandman as the Starling.
To those who only know the
bird from its having eaten, in
company with its congeners,
almost all the cherries and
elderberries, or stopped the
water-spout with its nest, this
may appear startling news; but
true it certainly is, neverthe-
less. The Starling generally
finds a home where meadow-
land or turf exists, and its
usefulness to the grazier is
incalculable. Those who pos-
sess lawns, and can watch the
bird from an advantageous
window, with the aid of a pair
of glasses (which every natur-
alist should possess), may per-
ceive this bird industriously
parting the grass in a most
ingenious manner with its beak,
whilst securing and feeding

14 FAMILIAR WILL BIRDS.

upon the most destructive grubs and insects that exist.
When the pair have four or five young ones with inordinate
appetites to feed, the number of ground pests destroyed by
them is enormous ; indeed, it is not too much to say that a
lawn will not thrive without the assistance of Starlings.
Added to this, his extremely handsome appearance makes
him quite an object of beauty whilst walking about upon
the grass with the sun glinting upon his glossy and speckled
feathers. On a fine morning in the beginning of May we
watched a pair of Starlings busily engaged in ridding
several garden-beds of the slugs that would otherwise have
eaten off the tender young shoots.

The Starling is a well-known bird, as it makes itself as
much at home in towns as in the country. Many may call
to mind being awakened at an unwonted hour in the
morning by the " song " of the Starling. This song is one
of the most peculiar specimens of bird music, and doubts
have arisen in many minds as to its deserving such a
description. It is generally (in town) delivered from a
chimney-pot, and he shrieks and chatters with such intense
gusto that there is no doubt the bird himself enjoys it.
This bird may be taught to talk.

The Starling is about 8J inches in length, with a
moderately long beak, but somewhat short tail. The dif-
ference between the sexes is difficult to determine, but it
will be found that the breast-feathers of the male are
longer and more pointed than in the female ; and whilst
his eye will be found dark hazel, that of the female has
a light ring around the iris.

Though these islands are never entirely free from the
Starling, those continuing here the winter are probably
arrivals from Sweden and Norway, driven along by the

THE STARLING. 15

snow to more congenial feeding-grounds. As the spring
advances, the beak, which is dark during winter, becomes
bright yellow, the rich glossy sheen of the plumage inten-
sifies, and by summer the bird becomes extremely
handsome.

In choosing a nesting-place it is very erratic ; some-
times the hole in a tree made by a Woodpecker will be
chosen; at another a hole in the roof under the eaves of a
house, the crevice of a cliff, or in a tower or old building,
or any hole in a tree conveniently large. Within this hole,
wherever it may be, the Starling constructs a loosely-built
nest of straw, hay, roots, feathers, and any other con-
venient material, seldom neglecting to allow two or three
straws to protrude from the hole.

The eggs are generally five in number, though some-
times six may be found, and in colour they surpass almost
all others in delicacy of tint, being of a uniform pale
greenish-blue, though specimens are often found much
lighter. There is but one nest in the year, unless accident
to the first may occasion a second brood. The young are
fed with marvellous industry by the parent birds upon
grubs, worms, insects, and their larvae, visiting the meadows
and running around the sheep and cattle, not disdaining to
perch upon the sheeps' backs in order to extract the ticks
from the wool.

The plumage of the young is exceedingly unpretending,
being dull greyish-black, the wing and tail feathers being
darker and the throat lighter. Cream-coloured specimens
have been taken, as well as white, but after raising the
hopes and expectations of their owners, at the first moult
the former lose their distinguishing colour, and regain the
normal plumage. Albino birds are not at all rare, one

16

FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

having been lately in our possession that was extremely
tame ; there are often found amidst these erratic birds
specimens of a pied colour.

Starlings are always more or less gregarious,, and in
October proceed upon their migration southwards. The
flocks assembled are sometimes of prodigious numbers, and
yet, as an old and well-known naturalist, Mr. G. Sways-
land, says, " there isn't one too many considering the good
they do." Their flight is particularly swift and straight,
maintained at a considerable height, and they keep together
with marvellous fidelity.

2/3 |JATbR/\L SIZ

THE CHAFFINCH.

Frinyilla ccelebs, i.e., Finch-Bachelor

HE Chaffinch has obtained its name
of the "Bachelor Finch/' on
account of a singular habit,, re-
lated by the Rev. Gilbert White
in his " History of Selborne/'
and verified by many ornitholo-
gists,, of the males separating
from the females about the time of
the autumn migration. Linnaeus
seems to have noticed the same
circumstance in Norway, as also
Mr. Selby, writing from the north
of England; Morris also notices
it in Worcestershire, so that it
would appear to be habitual
amongst Chaffinches. The hens
precede the male birds a few days,
leaving this country about Octo-
ber; some birds, however, prin-
cipally males, remain with us
throughout the winter ; the
others proceed upon their jour-
ney south, some affecting one
country, and others another, whilst the remnant ex-
plore the banks of the Nile. Those remaining have
3

18 FAMILIAR WILL* BIRDS.

to endure all the hardships inherent to a northern
winter, yet few birds seem to treat the severity of
our climate with such cheerful gaiety as the trim-built
Chaffinch. Always neat and clean, whenever an opening
in the ice will allow of it with safety, this hardy bird may
be seen taking- his " matutiual tub/' Thoroughly wet he
will be before he has done floundering in his icy cold bath,
when he betakes himself to some cosy sheltered spot to preen
and dry himself. His bachelor existence, if hard, evidently
has its pleasures, or he could never utter such a jovial, yet
defiant note as that well-known " pink, pink," that every
one must have heard who has lived near the merest shadow
of a garden or square. No doubt his stock of seeds grow
short in winter, yet whatever they be, he cares not so that
they are good to eat ; and where some birds would starve, a
Chaffinch would look sleek. He feeds upon the fallen
beechmast, which few other birds can eat, and altogether
seems the reverse of most bachelors as regards economy.

Having lived through a hard winter, however, spring'
puts another complexion upon affairs ; and becoming tired
of his hermit life, he hails with delight the return of his
congeners about the beginning of March. These " flight "
birds may then be seen returning from their foreign winter
quarters in one continual stream, possibly having picked up
stragglers in their journey, until they arrive from across the
Channel in flocks of from twenty to thirty birds, con-
tinually following each other at short intervals, and flying
north-east generally.

After securing a mate, the practical character of the
Chaffinch is shown in the choice of a site for the nest.
Although often showing a preference for apple trees, they
will build in almost any tree or thick hedgerow, provided

THE CHAFFINCH. 19

they can obtain a suitable position. This must be one of
exceptional security ; sometimes a slight clump of branches,
or a convenient fork, but oftener upon the top of a lichen-
covered protuberance where a small bough offers a firm rest-
ing place. The nest is certainly wonderful in its structure,
bound firmly round the limb of the tree, and formed of
small roots and grasses and moss, lined in the most perfect
manner with wool, horsehair, and feathers, and covered
entirely without with the beautiful lichens to be found upon
the neighbouring trees, so that as nearly as possible the nest
may resemble in appearance the bark of the tree upon which
it is built.

Within this sweet little nest the hen lays her four or five
eggs, sitting upon them with exemplary patience and assi-
duity ; sometimes she has allowed herself to be taken rather
than desert her treasures. The male assists to the best of
his ability, and when disturbed by any intruder, neither of.
the birds fly away far, but remain within the close vicinity
of the nest uttering a pitiful cry until the disturbance is
past. In about fourteen days the young are hatched, and
are fed by the parent birds, chiefly upon insects of various
kinds (they themselves living principally upon seeds and
grains), until in about a fortnight these young birds are
able to leave the nest ; then another nest is commenced,
and the routine described above having been duly observed
another quickly follows, as the Chaffinch has two or three
nests a year. Whilst engaged in housekeeping, the Chaffinch
will seldom allow any other birds of his own species to live
near him, being himself absolute king of the neighbour hood.

The Chaffinch, being long and shapely built, has a par-
ticularly graceful flight; and if disturbed whilst feeding
upon the ground, rises with a sudden upward flight, and

20 FAMILIAR WILL BIRDS.

perches upon the nearest tree to reconnoitre. When niditi-
cation sets in, the upper beak of the Chaffinch becomes a
light leaden colour. He doesn't moult entirely in spring,
but sheds the tips of the feathers and becomes the bright
and pretty bird depicted in the plate. When alarmed, he
has the power of elevating the feathers upon the crown of
the head, and so forming a slight crest. The plumage of
the hen is much more sombre, being deficient in the blue on
the head and the rich colouring of the breast. The young
are exact imitations of the hen until they moult in the
autumn, and then the males obtain their brown breasts and
bluish-brown heads.

The song of the Chaffinch has a charming air of rusticity
in it, that seems to breathe of trees and flowering fields.
It is uttered in a clear melodious tone, consisting of several
phrases, forming a set song of considerable beauty. This song-
is repeated again and again like a merry old English catch.

Although white or pied birds have seldom been taken,
yet specimens of a cinnamon colour have been frequently
obtained. The Chaffinch is, as a rule, a wary bird, and is
inclined to be wild and untameable when caged.

NATURAL SIZE)

THE EAVEISF

Corvits Cora.r.

LTHOUGH the name of the
Raven is as familiar to the
world as that of the Lark,
there are few indeed who have
seen one in a state of nature,
and this for various reasons —
notably because they are now
particularly scarce, and again
because they affect certain dis-
tricts. Although there may
be other localities equally well
adapted to support them,
nothing will induce them to
forsake their old haunts. For
instance, a pair of Ravens have
built and bred in the chalk
cliff of Beach y Head for many
years, and the systematic taking
of their young does not deter
them from making fresh ven-
tures on the same spot. Should
either of a pair of Ravens be
killed, another partner soon pre-
sents itself; and even if both

22 FAMILIAR WILL BIRDS.

be destroyed, it has been noticed that another pair will
invariably occupy the district ; so that it is seldom a
locality, once made the home of a pair of Ravens, will
be destitute of their presence.

Although possessed of great power, and not altogether
devoid of courage, they invariably give way at the
approach of man, and though they will defend their nest
most valiantly against the attacks of other birds or of
animals, they offer not the slightest resistance to a
man, or even boy. But if a weakly sheep be present in a
flock, these birds will hover around the unfortunate
animal, and even perch upon it, and peck out its eyes, or
otherwise torture it until it dies.

The Raven is the largest of the Crow family, and
is a bird of striking character. Its attributes are well
known, for the pens of historians, poets, and novelists
have all been brought to bear upon the Raven. Dickens
has introduced the Raven with great success in " Barnaby
Rudge/' whilst Edgar Allan Poe delineates its weird
power over superstitious imaginations. In many parts of
this country, the flight of a Raven across one's path is
enough to make the heart of the boldest rustic quake,
whilst to hear its unspeakably horrid croak from the
bough of an adjacent tree is held to be prognostic of the
direst calamities. Indeed, no end could be made to the
many local superstitions connected with the Raven.

The Raven is distributed over the whole of England,
Wales and Scotland, and Europe generally. Its presence
is easily detected, for its never-to-bc-mistaken croak can
be heard at a very great distance. They fly at a very
great height, either singly or in pairs, but congregate in
greater numbers whenever there is a prospect of carrion.

THE RAVEN. 23

The food of the Raven baffles description. It indis-
criminately eats everything that may come in its way.
Carrion of all kinds, small animals, birds and their eggs or
young, insects, and even reptiles, form the principal
food, but corn and grain sometimes receive the attention
of this omnivorous bird. Ravens living near the sea will
diligently search the shores for any food, either fish or
flesh, that may have been cast up by the waves and left
upon the beach by the receding tide. They are tremendously
voracious, and after having gorged themselves will retire
to a place of safety to digest the food, and will then
return again to their horrid feast.

The difference between the sexes is very difficult to
determine, inasmuch as their plumage is of a uniform
black, which, at certain seasons particularly, is tinted with
a glossy shade of purple, that makes the jet-black
plumage of this sable bird a household word. However,
not alone the feathers of the Raven, but also the beak,
mouth, tongue, legs, and feet also partake of the same
black hue. The beak is curved towards the point, and
over the base are a number of coarse bristles, inclining
forwards. Ravens live to a great age, instances having
been recorded of the attainment of half a century, and in
confinement have been known to live for several decades.

Ravens generally build their nests in the crevices of a
chalk or other cliff, or the highest forks of tall trees, or such-
like places of security. The structure is composed of twigs,
wool, and horsehair, and the eggs are four or five in
number, of a pale green-ground colour, spotted and
speckled with a darker greenish-brown. The female sits
for twenty days, the male feeding her the while, and
sometimes relieving her in the duties of incubation.

24 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

When the young are hatched, the parent birds supply
their wants with most persevering attention, but when
old enough the parents drive them away, and they are
forced to provide for themselves.

Ravens are partially migratory, the reason apparently
being want of food, though possibly the cold may affect
them, and induce them to seek warmer parts.

Many are the anecdotes that have been related of the
Raven, most of them concerning those birds that have
been kept in confinement; for under the latter circum-
stances, or with clipped wings, the Raven is a droll fellow,
and is generally in conflict with the dog or cat, though
they sometimes set up a great friendship. The bird is
endowed with a passion for secretiveness quite as much as
the Magpie, and what it cannot eat is invariably hidden.
The principal reason, however, which has occasioned the
Raven to be made a pet is its marvellous power of
imitating the human voice, as also any other sound that
may particularly strike its ear.

LINNETS.

: NATURAL SIZE.

THE L I N N E T.

Fringilla linota — LATHAM.
Linota cannabina — LINNAEUS.

HEREVER bad farming prevails,
the Linnet willbe found. " Clean "
land has few charms for him,
but where weeds grow apace is
the Linnet's happy hunting-
ground. No doubt toll is taken
of the sown seed, but were he
not to help keep the weeds under,
many a good field of corn or root
crops would be choked. When
it is taken into consideration that
a Linnet will eat several thou-
sands of the seeds of weeds in a
week, some idea may be formed
of its power for good.

The plumage of the Linnet is
subject to great variation. The
young Linnet of the year has an
unpretending plumage of greyish
brown, each feather being tipped
and edged with slightly darker
brown; the primary wing-feathers
are dark brown, partly edged
with white, and the tail-feathers

26 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

are also dark brown, edged with white j and until after the
first moult this young bird is known as a grey Linnet.
The plumage of the adult female is very similar. Although
only partially migratory flocks of Linnets leave this country
in October, those remaining the winter generally become
gregarious, and may be found in large open fields feeding
upon whatever seeds may be found. In the stubble
fields they feed greatly upon the seeds of the wild mustard
or charlock (Sinapis arver^sis, Linnaeus) } known in Sussex as
" kilk." When disturbed Linnets rise in a flock, and,
unlike the rest of the Finch tribe, do not hasten to the
nearest tree, but continue in the open, contenting them-
selves by alighting in another part of the field. The
general food of the Linnet, however, consists of any seeds
that may fall in its way ; chickweed and dandelion being
its staple diet through the spring, and in summer to these is
added the seeds of rape, &c.

During the month of March, small flocks and even
pairs of Linnets begin to arrive from " across the water ; "
the males with bright red breasts of different degrees of
intensity, some much brighter than the one depicted in the
plate, and varying down to lemon-colour. This is occasioned
by their shedding the brown tips of their feathers, and not
by a regular moult. The males remaining in this country
are also changing their plumage, and from this marked
difference originated the idea amongst amateurs that
the Hose Linnets (as they are then called) were of a separate
species to the grey Linnet. In autumn and winter, the
male plumage is of a richer brown and the white on
the wing extends to the quill, which is not so in the
female, whilst her back is a duller brown ; the breast
feathers of the male Linnet are horizontally edged

THE LIXNET. 27

with brown, but those of the female are marked per-
pendicularly. If the bird be caged after the second
moult,, the plumage of the breast becomes materially
changed, as but little of the deep rosy red appears, the
feathers becoming browner, and in the third moult there is
but the faintest trace of its once distinguishing colour ; and
the general plumage having become deeper in character,
the bird is then known by the name of the IC Brown
Linnet."

This bird also shows many eccentricities in the way of
abnormal plumage. We have had several pied specimens
in good song, and took one upon the Brighton Downs of
an elegant cream-colour (this bird lived several years) ;
another specimen came under our notice, which was white
with a lovely pink breast; the colour upon the breast, how-
ever, faded in moulting, and the bird became white. A
pair were taken in 1882 of a delicate cinnamon-colour.

The furze-clad sides of hills are the Linnet's favourite
nesting-places, though where furze is not handy, a hedgerow
or bushes and shrubs will often offer a home, and sometimes
a pair will even come into a garden near a house to build
their nest. This structure is composed primarily of small
twigs and stalks of grass and moss, intermixed with wool
and lined with wool, horsehair, and down. Four or five are
the usual number of eggs, but even six have been found ;
they are very much like the Goldfinch's, being of a bluish-
white colour, spotted especially at the larger end with
purple and reddish-brown, but they vary in colour, and are
sometimes found perfectly white : yet it is not to be pre-
sumed that white eggs would produce white birds. The
eggs are about fourteen days hatching, and in another
fourteen days the young leave the nest. Linnets have

28

FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

generally three nests a year, and have been known to have
as many as four, if any one of the previous nests was rifled
or destroyed. Whilst the hen is engaged in the duties of
incubation, the male invariably mounts guard upon the top
of a neighbouring spray, and upon any intrusion being
threatened, immediately sings to warn his mate of her
danger; they then of ten fly together to some post of safety,
and watch until the danger has passed.

The song of this bird is most deservedly held in high
estimation, it being especially sweet and flute-like, whilst its
phrases are very varied, and uttered in a clear but jerky
style, unlike the song of most other birds. It is generally
delivered whilst the bird is seated upon a branch or spray
of a hedge or furze-bush, though it will even sing whilst
on the wing when returning in the spring. Its call is at
once a distinguishing mark, as there are few birds who use
a language similar to the Linnet's jerky " chuck-a chuck-a."
Linnets are easily reared from the nest, and though timid
become very tame.

ROOK.

'•U NATURAL SIZE.)

THE BOOK.

Corvus frugilegus —

IS bird is one of the commonest
of the Crow tribe; yet, like
many another useful member
of the bird world, the Rook has
often been denounced as a
depredator because it takes toll
of the newly-sown seeds and
grain ; whereas, in fact, it is
one of the farmers7 best friends,
and, but for its assistance,
many a fair field of corn or
roots would be completely de-
stroyed by grubs, worms, and
other destructive insects. Rooks
have been noticed to visit fields
or meadow-pastures, and pull
up the roots in their endeavour
to obtain the grub or other
insect beneath. This was at
first ignorantly cited as wanton
destruction, but it was found,
upon minute inspection, that
almost all these plants had
been attacked by some pest to

30 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

vegetation, and that the bird's instinct taught it to dis-
tinguish between the sound plant and the insect-eaten

o

ones.

The peculiar habits of Rooks have been the study of
naturalists in all times, and very many interesting anec-
dotes have been related of them. Being more gregarious
than any other of their tribe, and also being especially
eccentric in their choice of nesting-places, they assemble
together in large numbers in the trees selected by them ;
and this is termed a Rookery. The trees are generally
tall, but little heed is given to their species. These
Rookeries are to be found all over England, wooded dis-
tricts, of course, being preferred ; although many instances
occur of these birds taking up their abode in towns —
notably the Pavilion Grounds at Brighton — and in many
trees in Oxford and Cambridge. Many may have noticed
the nest of a pair of Rooks in the tree at the corner of
Wood Street, Cheapside.

The nest is built of twigs in the topmost forks of
the trees, and is a large loose structure. This nest is
often pulled to pieces and rebuilt several times, until it
meets with approval. Sometimes the whole of the Rooks
will desert their Rookery, and take up another abode for
the time, and just as suddenly (perhaps after the lapse
of years) return ; this, too, without any apparent reason.

Rooks commence building early in the spring, and by
the lateness or more forward preparations for nesting
have been held by many to prophesy an early or late
summer. Particularly at this time, Rooks may be seen
even in the fields feeding one another. This is evidently
an attention of the male to the female, and is continued
whilst the latter is sitting upon the nest. This circum-

THE ROOK. 31

stance has many times occasioned the idea that they were
feeding very early young birds. The eggs are four or five
in number, of a pale greenish ground, blotched with a
darker greenish-brown. Except the nest should be de-
stroyed— as may happen during high winds such as that
upon the 29th April, 1882 — Rooks have but one nest in
the year.

The young are very noisy in welcoming the advent
of the parent-birds with food, which is of a very mixed
description, and embraces the destructive grub of the
common cockchafer, the larvae of many other insects,
grubs, worms, wireworms, and slugs. It is now
readily admitted that the little corn eaten in the early
spring (despite the terror of the scarecrow) is more than
counterbalanced by the multitude of destructive insects
destroyed in the remaining months of the year.

The young squabs can generally fly by the end of May,
and repair with their parents to the fields, where they are
still fed by them until able to obtain their own food.

Young Rooks are of a uniform black plumage, which
increases in brilliancy in the succeeding spring. If not
previously lost, the feathers immediately round the base
of the beak do not grow again after the second moult,
leaving a white patch, as shown in the plate, which has
earned for the bird the name of the " White-faced Crow."
Both male and female are subject to this, and the sexes
are difficult to distinguish.

At the approach of winter the birds leave their
Rookeries, and then roost in the hazel bushes in woods,
but in early spring return to their native Rookery*
Although at its proper season Rook-shooting is syste-
matically carried out, it does not deter the surviving

32 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

birds from returning to their well-beloved trees ; neither
do their numbers appear to decrease or increase. If not
shot, and their numbers become excessive, they leave for
a .new colony.

Rooks are extremely wary, and when in the fields,
invariably set one or two birds upon a tree or an eminence
to act as sentinels ; upon the approach of danger, a
warning note is given, which is perfectly understood,
and, if the danger increases, is followed by the flight of
all. Many are the local traditions with regard to the
peculiar habits of Rooks : when the flock scatters whilst
flying high, it is deemed to be prognostic of rain.

As with most birds, erratic specimens have been taken
of abnormal plumage. White Rooks have been frequently
observed and taken, as also pied specimens ; and, less
frequently, cream-coloured birds have been noted amongst
their sable companions.

The voice of the Rook consists of one note, which is a
croak resembling the word te craaw/' though sometimes
when flying high in flocks this sound is repeated more
softly and rapidly.

SIZE )

THE COMMON WEEN.

Sylvia troglodytes — Pennant, Temminck.
Troglodytes europccus—Selby, Gould.

T was some time before natural-
ists could assign this popular
favourite a proper position in
ornithological classification, and
the Wren was originally placed
among the warblers ; but for
various reasons this bird is now
placed with the Troglodytes, as
having more in common with
that class than with the Sylvidse.
Equally with the Robin and
Swallow, this bird has enjoyed
an amount of protection almost
amounting to superstition, and
it is not to be wondered at that
a cheery little bird like the
Wren, whose whole food consists
of insects, and who stays with
us throughout the winter, cheer-
ing us with its merry little song,
should hold a prominent position
in the goodwill of all men.
Some little time back, however,
we are sorry to say the Wren in certain localities suffered
considerably from the irrepressible schoolboy. Noticing
5

34 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

that Wrens naturally kept to the shelter of the hedgerows,
and seldom ventured upon any lengthened flight, these
boys, armed with sticks and stones, would beat on either
side of the hedge until poor Jenny was killed. We hope,
however, this practice is defunct. It may have arisen from
the old custom of " Hunting the Wren on Christmas
Day/'' once general in many parts of Ireland and Wales, if
not also of England, when one party would carry sticks to
beat the bushes, and another stones to kill the poor birds
as they emerged. The origin of this curious custom is
lost in obscurity. It has been ascribed to the anger felt
by the Catholic Irish at a Wren saving from surprise and
massacre, by tapping on a drum, a small party of worn-out
Protestants. But it is singular that this same legend in
Southern Ireland occasioned a ceremony in which a Wren
was carried about in honour, to the accompaniment of the
following ditty : —

The wren, the wren, the king of all birds,
Was caught St. Stephen's day in the fur/e ;
Although he's little, his family's great,
Then, pray, kind gentlefolks, give him a treat.

Jenny or Kitty Wren, as it is also called, is one of our
smallest birds, and yet there is scarcely one better known.
This may be on account of the nursery tale of the court-
ship and marriage of Cock Robin and Jenny Wren ; and
doubtless that same story may account for the idea which
is still prevalent, that the Wren is the female of the Robin.
In early spring attentive observers of Nature may see a
pair of Wrens engaged most busily in the work of nest-
building. This structure, which is dome-shaped, with an
aperture at the side, is composed of most varied materials,
principally twigs, roots, leaves, moss, and feathers, and is

THE WREN. 35

placed in equally varied positions. We have found them
against the trunk of a tree, under the thatch of a building,
in the forks of a cabbage run to seed, and even over-
hanging the variable waters of a stream ; another favourite
position is the aperture occasioned by the loss of a brick
from an arch under a country roadway, where the grass
and weeds grow around, and partially conceal the position
of the nest. The position and its surroundings greatly in-
fluence the materials of which the nest is composed, as the
birds labour that it may as nearly as possible resemble
the appearance of its site. The Wren, although such a
small bird, builds her nest of heavy material, so that it is
matter for surprise how she contrives to transfer it to its
place. Notwithstanding, she is extremely capricious,
and will often make two or three nests before one is settled
to her satisfaction ; when, however, this is consummated,
from six to eight white eggs, speckled with a few red
spots, and about the size of a bean or large cherry-stone, are
laid in the feather-lined nest, and the hen sits upon them
for about ten days, being partially fed by the male bird
meanwhile. The young are fed by the parent birds upon
insects, flies, larvae, and small worms, until they leave the
nest and become self-supporting. The parent birds then
commence a new nest, producing two broods a year.

The Wren may be found all over England and in
Scotland. and Ireland, whilst, as one of its classified names
denotes, it is also a general inhabitant of Europe. The
plumage is composed of different shades of brown, barred
with darker brown, and some naturalists aver that the
female is of a redder hue than the male ; but the difference
is very difficult to determine.

Too much praise can scarcely be awarded to the song

36 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

of the Wren. Considering the size of the bird, it is
possessed of great power and sweetness, and is repeated
again and again, even under most adverse circumstances.
Like the Robin, this song is continued throughout winter,
and even when snow is upon the ground the Wren's
triumphant warble may be heard proceeding from the
shelter of a neighbouring bush or hedgerow. As regards
food, the Wren seems to be especially gifted with the
power of self-preservation. It will pluck the spiders and
larvae from their hiding-places, catch flies and other insects
that are found around puddles, especially in farm-yards,
and altogether adapt itself to any circumstances.

During the winter these little birds roost in holes in
houses, trees, and walls, thatch, hay-ricks, or any sheltered
positions; for the sake of warmth they huddle together,
and so resist the rigours of our climate.

JAY

THE JAY.

Corvus gland-arms — Pennant, Bewick.
Garrulus glandarius — Selby, Gould.

EW birds have obtained such
unenviable notoriety as the Jay.
Equally with the Magpie ab-
horred by the husbandman, far-
mer, and gamekeeper, the Jay,
in the reign of George II., was
considered such a desperate cha-
racter, that an Act of Parliament
was passed empowering certain
authorities to pay a reward of
threepence per head for every
slaughtered bird. Doubtless this
had the effect of lessening the
number, for although the Jay is
still common to almost all parts
of England, it is not what may
be termed plentiful. This, too, is
because, like most of the tribe,
Jays show a preference to certain
localities, though without any
apparent reason, as the regions
they affect are generally low
waste lands, without the means
of subsistence that a neigh-
bouring fertile locality would

38 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

obviously afford. This peculiarity is more noticeable in
the Jay, inasmuch as its food is of a more vegetable charac-
ter than the rest of the decidedly pronounced Corvidse
family.

The home of the Jay is generally pitched in woods, or
in plantations known locally as copses, shaws, or spinneys,
and from these vantage-grounds this bird lays all the
surrounding country under tribute. The food includes,
besides insects and worms, the eggs and young of
small birds, fruit, such as cherries, peas, and such like
vegetables, anything in the shape of corn or grain :
indeed, keepers of preserves have to be especially watchful
to see that the Indian corn and other food placed for the
game is not eaten by the Jays in the neighbourhood.

Doubtless the Jay has his good qualities, and possibly,
did he not eat the insects they would demolish more than
he does ; but the gun of the gamekeeper and trap of the
husbandman are still as much directed against the Jay as
against the Magpie.

Unlike that bird, the Jay builds an open nest without
the dome-like protection, and much resembling a very
large Blackbird's nest. The structure is generally hidden
amongst the leaves in a thick tree or bush, and composed
externally of short sticks and twigs, Imed with fine roots
and grasses. The eggs are usually five or six in number,
of a yellowish- white ground colour, though this colour is
somewhat obscured by a multitude of greenish-brown spots,
that materially alters the general appearance of the egg,
which is also streaked with several lines of black around
the larger end.

Jays have usually but one nest in the year, and, like
Magpies, the young birds congregate around the district in

THE JAY. 39

which the nest is situated, and from this rendezvous start
upon their depredating expeditions.

Even if the small birds (whose unceasing1 clamour
invariably proclaims the arrival of a Jay or Jays in their
vicinity) do not make the fact of their presence known, the
notorious garrulity of the Jay would attract the attention
of the most stolid passer-by. Indeed, gamekeepers often
find Jays to be useful detectives, since their continuous
chattering is known to determine the presence of some
adverse power in the wood wherein they wished to be sole
depredators. Therefore the Jay earns universal dislike, for
even the poacher knows this bird's proclivities to be so apt
to betray his presence, as to completely neutralize the
silence of his well-trained lurcher.

When taken young, the Jay makes a nice pet, for his
plumage is more beautiful than that of any of his genus.
Even the Magpie cannot vie with the Jay in delicacy of
colouring or effective contrast. The crest upon the head of
this bird is a striking characteristic, as the feathers, which
are greyish-white, have a streak of black along the shaft,
whilst the ends are tinged with purplish-red, and these,
being elongated, can be elevated at will, and may denote
either pleasure or fear. From the base of either lower
mandible is a broad streak of black, giving the appearance
of a moustache. The wing is exceptionally beautiful, as
may be presumed from the plate, which nothing over-rates
reality. The white feathers upon the lower part of the
back are particularly noticeable in flight, which is dull and
heavy.

The note of the Jay is far from pleasing, being a
rapidly-delivered harsh sort of chatter. Some naturalists
have made mention of its song, but say it cannot be heard

40 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

at any distance. The bird, however, may with patience
be taught to talk in almost equal degree with the Magpie,
and somewhat in advance of the Starling. Its powers of
mimicry are unusually great, as it will imitate extraordinary
sounds very readily, and seems to take a pleasure in doing
so. It is singular that, like a great many other birds with
these peculiarities, the Jay is naturally inquisitive and
somewhat mischievous, and should therefore be carefully
watched.

It is almost impossible to distinguish the difference
between male and female, their plumage being the same ;
possibly, as with most of this family, the female may be
the larger, but that is at best but a difficult test. In the
sunlight the plumage glistens and appears particularly
resplendent.

THE HOUSE SPABEOW.

Passer domesticus. — SELBY, BOOTH.
Fringilla domestica. — LINNAEUS.

ITHOUT doubt this bird is
better known than any other
in the world; for there are
few countries from which the
Sparrow is absent. Equally
plentiful in the cities of the
East and those of the Euro-
pean Continent, the towns of
England would lose one of their
most public characters if the
Sparrow were eliminated from
the streets.

This bird is thoroughly re-
publican in its nature, consider-
ing itself to have an equal
right of existence with other
members of the creation. In-
tensely self-reliant, the Sparrow
contrives to exist under even
the most exceptional circum-
stances, and, though ordinarily
well-behaved, can at times
show himself a most pugna-
cious fellow, and when op-
pressed will valiantly assail

42 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

birds much larger and stronger than himself, such as
Starlings, Jackdaws, and even Rooks. However, his
quarrels are mostly family quarrels, and invariably
originate in the question of the right of possession of a
crust of bread, thrown out by some kindly hand. His
well-known "chirrup'" is at such times changed to a
sharp angry note, that almost defies definition, but is
known to all.

Unlike the rest of the Finch tribe, the Sparrow has no
song worthy of the name, and therein differs most excep-
tionally from the Goldfinch, whose tuneful twitter, cul-
minating in a clear well-marked phrase full of metallic
beauty, and ending in a lengthened f ' tweet " uttered in
an ascending scale, is one of the prettiest songs possessed
by the Finches.

The difference in the appearance of the plumage of a
country Sparrow, as compared with his town-bred cousin,
would be hardly imagined, the fresh bright plumage
of the one displaying the prettily-marked black, white,
and brown, whilst smoke and dirt hide the beauty of the
town Sparrow, so that it is sometimes difficult to distin-
guish the sex at a glance. The male, however, has a
brilliant black throat, and is otherwise more determined in
colour, the hen being especially deficient in the bright brown
of the wings and the chocolate mark over the eyes.

The Sparrow invariably chooses its home near the
habitations of man ; and in early spring may often be
heard and seen fighting desperately for the possession of
some favoured female Sparrow beauty, who, with the
conqueror, at once starts housekeeping. The nest is
a mystery, and is composed at times of most extraor-
dinary materials, some of which, especially the feathers,

THE HOUSE SPARROW. 43

must have been carried for miles ; whilst some of the
straws tax their strength to the uttermost. Straw, hay,
wool, and feathers are, however, the main materials,
but they often will seize a stray piece of flannel or
old carpet, and give it a place in the nest. This is very
large and loose; but much depends upon the situation.
To their choice there is no limit, though whilst the eaves,
thatch, and water-spouts of houses and farm -yard sheds,
trees, ivy, crevices in buildings and chalk cliffs, are their
general haunts, even martens are often ejected from
their homes, and many another bird has fought a battle
for the possession of a favourite spot; but the plucky
Sparrow will often turn even Starlings out of the crevice
or cranny of a house or church-tower.

In this peculiar nest the hen lays generally six eggs,
which are especially varied in colour, though gene-
rally pale grey, streaked and spotted with blackish-brown,
especially at the larger end, sometimes forming a ring.
They will have three or four nests in the year ; so that,
despite the efforts of those mistaken institutions, "Sparrow
Clubs, w the bird still continues as plentiful as ever, if
indeed its numbers be not on the increase. Except for
those now generally defunct clubs, the cat is the Sparrow's
worst enemy, many thousands annually falling victims to
the wiliness of " puss," who finds that the ivy-clad walls
of houses make the most fatal traps for the birds congre-
gating there to roost.

The food of the Sparrow includes almost everything it
meets with that is eatable. The reason of its systematic
destruction some years past was because of the harm done
by it in eating the buds of fruit-trees, notably goose-
berries and red currants. Somewhat like the Bullfinch,

44

FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

this practice seems at times due to pure wantonness, as
the Sparrow will even pull primroses and other flowers to
pieces, where but little chance of food exists. Again,
towards the end of summer, Sparrows become somewhat
gregarious, and do considerable damage to the ripe corn ;
but against this formidable list the Sparrow can show
much good done by eating insects and the seeds of many
obnoxious weeds; whilst the number of insects taken
to feed its young is almost incredible. It is amusing to
watch a Sparrow engaged in picking spiders or their
larvae, together with other insects, from the walls of houses
or gardens.

The anecdotes related in connection with the Sparrow
are without end, some being exceptionally interesting.

White and coloured specimens have been often noted and
taken, notably some that were located at the Brighton
Pavilion.

SIZE)

THE JACKDAW.

Corvus Monedula.

HIS bird is even more com-
monly known than the Rook,
as it is generally in the neigh-
bourhood of the dwellings of
man that it takes up its abode.
Like that bird it is also gre-
garious, and some colonies at-
tain to considerable numbers.

The length of the Jackdaw
is about fifteen inches, the fe-
male being possibly the larger ;
but otherwise it is very diffi-
cult to distinguish their sexes.
When seen in flight the appear -
/ ance of the Jackdaw seems one
uniform black, but upon closer
inspection it will be found to
have an especially black cap
upon the head, and from the
ear coverts round to the back of
the head a broad patch of grey.
The beak, tongue, legs, and
feet are black, but the eye is
clear bluish- white.

These birds are to be found
generally throughout Europe, and are common to almost

46 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

all parts of Great Britain. In this country they affect,
as their nesting-places, the holes and crannies of ruins,
towers, church-steeples, and other buildings, though often
they may be found in chalk and other cliffs or deserted
chalk-pits, and at other times will build in the hollows
of trees or in chimney-stacks.

The nest is another instance of the wonderful amount
of trouble birds will bestow upon its building ; not that
the Jackdaw's is an elaborate structure, but rather a
chaotic arrangement of twigs as a foundation (and these
almost infinite in number), upon which is laid dried grasses
and straw, with an inner lining of wool (sometimes
feathers), or any other soft materials.

The eggs are from four to six in number, though
generally five, of a bluish -white, sometimes pale greenish-
blue colour, speckled, though more profusely at the larger
end, with spots of dark brown and purplish-grey. These
eggs are generally deposited in the nest by the middle of
May, and the young are hatched about the beginning of
June. The young are fed by the parent birds until
able to accompany them in their quest for food.

Of the Jackdaw it may truly be said that he is the
early bird that catches the worm, for about daybreak he
may be seen quitting his haunts in city or town, cliff or
tree, and flying towards the neighbouring meadows,
pastures, or ploughed fields, in search of food. This
embraces so many objects that it is almost impossible to
enumerate them. It principally feeds, however, upon
worms, grubs, insects and their larvae, sometimes grain,
and, if living near the sea, upon the shell-fish and smaller
Crustacea cast up by the tide.

It therefore is needless to remark that the Jackdaw

THE JACKDAW. 47

is of immense assistance to the husbandman, and also to
the market or other large gardener. This is especially
when the young are hatched, as at that time the parent
birds, emboldened by the knowledge of the extra demands
cast upon them, will visit many a garden near the
habitation of man in their search for food ; and this, too,
in spite of the fact that they are generally as wary of
danger as the Rook, and make provision in the way of
outposts as mentioned of that bird. About this time
Jackdaws may be seen perched upon the sheep's backs,
possibly robbing them of their wool, and also doing them
a good turn by ridding them of parasites.

The young do not have the grey upon the head
until the first moult, and it may be presumed that it
becomes lighter with age; it is an undoubted fact
that it becomes more silvery in spring and during
summer.

The voice of the Jackdaw seems to be comprised in
the word " chock/'' and this may have originated the
prefix Jack to the generic name Daw. Some have con-
sidered the sound more like " craw," others ' ' caw/' but
to our mind it is uttered, when seated upon a tower or
chimney, as " chock/' with a staccato ending. When in
flight, however, this note is more often repeated and much
more rapidly delivered ; especially when a single bird
has been delayed and is anxious to rejoin the rest of
its comrades; at which time, too, the flight becomes
somewhat of a slovenly scramble ; though the ordinary
flight is much quicker than that of the Rook, and the two
birds may generally be so distinguished.

There are few birds that have more frequently been
made pets than the Jackdaw. Possibly, from having been

48 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

accustomed to the sight of man, much of the fear in-
separably connected with his presence seems to be
eliminated from the mind of the Jackdaw, and if brought
up from the nest (and they are very hardy), they will
become exceedingly attached to their keepers. In con-
finement their favourite food is meat, but they are easily
pleased, and in return are most amusing. The droll ex-
pression of the half -turned head and the watchful white
eye is a marked characteristic ; added to this, " Jack " is
something of a mimic, and will even learn to talk. He
has, however, the failing belonging to the rest of the tribe,
and is much addicted to hiding uneatable objects, as
our readers may remember is humorously pourtrayed in the
Ingoldsby Legend of " The Jackdaw of Rheims."

U S E

(2/7 fJjftTllRynL SIZE

THE COMMON GEOUSE.

Tetrao Scotieus.— LINNAEUS, PENNANT.
Tetrao Lagopus.—$mi\, GOULD, YARKELL.

EING a denizen of the British
Islands only, the Red or Com-
mon Grouse is a bird most
particularly to be noted by the
ornithologist. There is, how-
ever, another, and to the minds
of many a much greater, reason
why the habits of the Grouse
should be particularly studied,
and the well-digested outcome
thereof be practically applied
to the better management of
these birds, so that they may
escape the devastating results
of wet seasons, or, by more care
in breeding, otherwise increase
in numbers. This greater
reason is, that the Grouse is
most excellent eating ! If per-
haps not so much admired as
his congener the Black Grouse,
that may be because of the
latter's comparative size and
scarcity, for the Red Grouse

50 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

has always held a foremost place amongst toothsome
edibles. Again, another reason why ornithological science
should be brought to bear upon the Grouse, is that it is a
favourite bird of the sportsman, many thousands of acres
being annually preserved by rich owners for its propagation.

The favourite home of the Grouse is upon the
moors of Scotland and Yorkshire, though the bird affects
the North of England generally, and is also found in
Ireland; yet, as its Linnaean name implies, it is more
particularly a dweller among the heather of the moors
upon the hills of Scotland.

The distinguishing features of the Tetraonidse, or
Grouse family, are that the eyebrows are naked (in this
and some other species their place is taken by an arch of
red) ; also the legs are clothed, as in the species before us,
with a considerable quantity of fine greyish feathers.
The shape, too, of the Grouse is peculiar, as regards the
breadth of the breast and back in comparison with the
height. The length of the male bird is about sixteen
inches, whilst the female is generally about half an inch
less. The plumage of both is pretty and striking; indeed,
the male may fairly be considered handsome, inasmuch as
the prevailing colour of his plumage is rich reddish brown ;
from the head, down the side of the neck, and over the
throat and breast this rich colour is much intensified;
the rest of the body is pencilled and spangled with black,
the feathers being tipped with gold and golden brown.
The female is much lighter, and the rich red of the male
bird deteriorates to a greyish brown, with golden brown
upon the breast ; all the feathers, too, are tipped with white
over the whole of the body.

The male Grouse is very pugilistic in the early spring,

THE COMMOS GROUSE. 51

when breeding- time approaches. The hen generally builds
a nest composed of ling and heather, placed in a slight
depression of the ground, and sheltered by a tuft of grass
or heather.

The number of eggs varies considerably, sometimes ten
only being found, and in other nests as many as fifteen.
These eggs, which are very handsome, differ greatly in
colour, but are generally of a light but rich brown,
splotched and streaked all over with a rich red brown.
The hen sits closely, and has even been taken by the
hand rather than desert her nest. When the young are
hatched they leave the nest, attended by their mother, who
feeds and defends them with most heroic resolution. They
continue thus together throughout the year, and are, in fact,
always more or less gregarious. The young birds, from
their call-note, are termed " cheepers," and are usually
allowed grace by true sportsmen.

The food of the Grouse would appear to be almost
entirely vegetable, being chiefly composed of ling and
the young shoots of the heather that so plentifully clothes
the moors and hills where they dwell ; yet many other
tender leaves and grasses are eaten by these birds, and
even corn is eaten when sown near their haunts.

They generally live amongst the heather, either
walking about whilst feeding, or basking in the sunshine
near some tuft or bush. Their ordinary call-note is a
quickly-repeated note, which is best represented by the
phrase, " coc, coc;" but, in the spring especially, and
otherwise throughout the year, the bold crow of the
Grouse, or Moor Cock, as it is also sometimes called,
sounds somewhat like the words, " go, go, go-back, go-
back/' uttered both as a call of defiance and warning.

52 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

It has been ingeniously suggested that some of the
t( scarce " years are possibly occasioned by the absence
of young shoots whereon the birds may feed, and this
may be remedied by a more systematic burning of the
old heather. Again, there is little doubt but that in-
breeding to a great measure deteriorates the stamina of
the birds, and therefore it would be expedient in all cases
to spare the young birds, or " cheepers ; '' whilst possibly
the mixture of a little Yorkshire blood would improve the
Scottish birds, and vice versa.

Damp seasons, however, have most to answer for, and
the comparative warmth or dryness of the spring season
greatly facilitates the progress of nesting operations, and
also tends to increase the strength of the young birds,
who consequently are better able to escape the gun of the
sportsman during autumn and winter, and so bring fresh
vigour into the broods of the succeeding spring.

It is sincerely to be hoped that some means may be
devised of keeping the stock of this purely indigenous
bird in a flourishing condition, both from motives of sport
and pleasure, and also from the (to some) more practical
reason of its value as food.

SIZE)

THE KESTEEL.

Falco tinnunculus.

OR many years this handsome
little bird was subject to a
most unwarrantable persecution,
but this is now dying1 out, since
systematic investigation has
proved that the Kestrel is a
bird deserving- particular pro-
tection, instead of wanton and
thoughtless destruction.

The bird is known in many
districts as the " Windhover/'
from the peculiar manner in
which it regulates its flight
whilst in search of food. This
flight is generally rapid, but
varies, the onward progress
being repeatedly stopped, and
the bird sustaining itself in one
position, apparently motionless,
nnd, as it were, suspended,
whilst with piercing eyes it
anxiously searches the grass or
stubble beneath ; the slightest
quiver is sufficient indication of
its prey, when, upon poised wing, down drops the bird
like a stone to the earth. The unfortunate mouse or other

C4 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

prey is invariably secured, and the Kestrel then retreats
to the shelter of an adjacent tree or hedgerow to devour
it. But not alone mice of various kinds, but many
another farmer's pest is destroyed by the Kestrel, as its
food is varied according to the seasons. In the spring
Cockchafers, Grasshoppers, and such-like insects, form
its staple food, though possibly an occasional bird or
mouse suffers capture ; as the summer merges into
autumn the Kestrel may be seen hovering over the
stubble fields upon the watch for mice, of which destruc-
tive little quadruped it is almost as great a destroyer
as the Owl itself. This handsome little hawk will also
take rats, and has been known to take young chickens,
and will even attack as large a bird as a Starling. The
Kestrel tears its food after the manner of the rest of
hawks. When autumn advances and the scattered
corn of the stubble fields becomes exhausted, most mice
desert the open fields and take refuge in ricks, rarely
showing themselves outside, and therefore the Kestrel
too has to look about for fresh hunting-grounds ; and so
it is, no doubt, that the Kestrel, about this time, becomes
more or less migratory. Some merely change their
district, whilst others take a more lengthened flight to the
Continent.

McGillivray says the Kestrel does not eat birds, but
the contrary has been many times proved. Many Kestrels,
too, have been taken in bird-catchers' nets when in the
very act of attacking the brace, or call-birds, and are, in
consequence, invariably driven off when observed. And
again, when replete with food, this bird is oftentimes
mobbed by an assemblage of smaller birds, who, at such
times, congregate together in the common cause quite

THE KESTREL. 55

irrespective of species. This is accompanied with an in-
cessant reproachful chatter as if telling of past fears,
and appears to greatly incense the Kestrel, until a sudden
exhibition of its latent powers disperses the little would-
be assailants, and the bird continues its flight to some
congenial spot where it may digest its meal in peace.

The' plumage of the Kestrel changes with age : the
young, though handsome, being much plainer than the
adult bird. The general ground colour is a pretty reddish -
brown fawn colour, the feathers being striped with
black down the quill to the tip, upon the breast, and
transversely upon the back, these latter feathers being
slightly edged with greyish-brown ; the tail is barred
with black and the extremities edged with white. After
the second year the male bird becomes greyish blue upon
the head and neck down to the shoulders, and also be-
comes possessed of a tail of rather deeper blue, barred with
black, and tipped with white, and at the same time loses
the spots upon the breast and back. There is little doubt
but that the male bird becomes handsomer with age, the
plumage at successive moults becoming more brilliant
and generally richer in tone, whilst the female becomes
darker. The length of an adult male is about thirteen
inches, whilst the female attains to about fifteen inches.

The nest of the Kestrel is placed in as peculiar positions
as the bird is erratic in its building; in fact, oftentimes
it is nothing but the deserted nest of a Magpie, or any
other large nest perched in the top of a tree, and even
at times it will appropriate the deserted home of a
Squirrel ; at other times it will build in the crevices of
chalk cliffs and chalk pits. The eggs are usually from
four to five in number, having a ground colour of dirty

56

FAMILIAR WILL BIRDS.

pale-bluish white, so blotched over with reddish brown as
to greatly obscure the primary colour.

As may be inferred from the nature of its food (the
capture of which essentially demands a watchful silence) ,
the voice of the Kestrel is seldom heard. It is possessed
of a harsh querulous kind of scream, uttered more par-
ticularly whilst devouring its food; though when dis-
turbed it utters a rapid kind of screaming chatter.

SIZE)

THE EOBIN.

Sylvia rubecula.
Erythaca rubecula.

OST popular of all our song birds,
next familiar to the Sparrow, and
rivalling the latter in its confi-
dence, the Robin holds a position
in the minds of all the English
race nearly amounting to super-
stition. And this for various
reasons, inasmuch as the Robin
is not only almost without re-
proach as a garden marauder, but
is also an efficient member of
that self -constituted bird police
which keeps down the number of
garden pests, and without whose
aid the horticulturist would almost
entirely fail. Then, again, the
Robin has a most exquisite song !
composed of strains of great ten-
derness and beauty, as well as
sweetly- modulated execution. As
this song, although somewhat
lost in the general chorus of
the summer songsters, is con-
tinued more or less throughout
the year, and especially during

58 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

winter, when the voices of almost all other birds are
hushed, the distinctive warble of the Robin comes most
gratefully to the ear, particularly so to the dwellers in
towns. When winter has set its icy seal upon the woods
and meadows, " Bob " (as the Robin is sometimes
familiarly called), despairing of food in the sylvan haunts
of summer, repairs to the habitations of man, well knowing
that the reward of its beautiful song will be forthcoming
in the shape of crumbs, thrown out by the lovers of
Nature's less gifted but beautiful creatures.

The plumage of the Robin is composed generally,
upon the head, back and tail, of olive-brown, but upon the
cheeks, throat, and breast it is a rich orange-red (from
which its name of Redbreast is derived) ; this is bordered
with bluish grey, terminating in white upon the under
parts. The female so slightly differs that it is almost
impossible to distinguish the sex, although it may be
that she is less brightly coloured, and possesses eyes less
full and bold. The young Robin, however, is clothed
in entirely different plumage, the entire upper part being
yellowish olive-brown, mottled with orange and buff,
and tipped at the extremity of each feather with pale
olive-brown ; the chin, throat, and breast are dull reddish-
brown, but this colour is materially altered by the feathers
being margined with darker brown.

Perhaps no other bird has built its nest in so many
erratic positions as the Robin ; reason seems to have no
influence over its choice. With 9 superfluity of admirable
sites close at hand, the most ridiculous positions are often
chosen ; and were it not for the immunity from persecution
enjoyed by the Robin, indeed we may say the protection
afforded, this reckless choice of a nesting-place would

THE HOB IX. 59

often be the occasion o£ sad disaster. As it is, fc pussy "
is the Robin's worst enemy; for even the most
reckless schoolboy, or other bird-nester, has a feeling of
almost religious reverence for the nest of "poor cock
Robin."

Sometimes their choice falls upon a flower-pot or old
kettle, at others upon a hole in a wall ; but Robins
generally build in a hole in a bank a nest composed of
leaves, dry roots, grass, and moss, with a lining of hair,
together with a few feathers, and therein the female lays
from five to seven eggs of a delicate pale reddish- white
freckled with darker red spots, which are sometimes
gathered more thickly at the larger end, and will even
form a ring, though specimens have been found of a pure
white. The young are principally fed upon small worms
and caterpillars, but the food of the parents also embraces
other insects, such as spiders and their larvae, together with
fruit and berries. The young leave the nest in about
a fortnight, and in about a similar period will provide for
themselves ; when the parent birds commence building
a new nest, having two or three in the course of the
season.

In the winter the Robin establishes himself in an
inhabited district — generally in a garden adjoining a
house — and will defend his supposed domain with great
pugnacity, especially against one of his own tribe. They
are particularly bitter against one another, and will some-
times kill the intruding foe or die themselves in defence of
their haunt. These conflicts are almost invariably
commenced by a vocal contest, intensified as the rivals
approach, and it is then that the Robin's call, "tsit,
tsit/' is heard most plainly ; they have also a peculiar

60

FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

wail, uttered generally towards roosting-time, and of a very
melancholy nature.

Formerly it was thought to be particularly unlucky to
keep a caged Robin, and the accidental advent of one
through the open window was, in certain parts of the
country, held to be a sign of a coming " death in the
family/' These superstitions, with many another, are
so very deep-rooted as to obtain to a great extent at the
present day.

The Robin is exceedingly inquisitive, and will infallibly
inspect every fresh-turned flower-bed, possibly in search
of food, though anything fresh or extraordinary has a very
great charm for this favourite bird.

THE EEDPOLL.

Fringilla linaria — LINNJEUS.

HIS bird, named by McGillivray
Linaria minor, on account of its
being the smallest of several kinds
of Redpolls, is also known by the
name of Redpoll, and is the
smallest of our list of Finches.
XV ^V '•' /" Undoubtedly, its name was derived

„" *t^£-rf~'~-r£&. « from the deep crimson red upon
the crown of the head, which is
less by far upon the female. The
adult male has, in addition, a
handsome red breast, which in
some is of a bright vermilion,
deepening in others to a rosy red,
which colour may also be found
upon the rump. The female has a
ground colour of grey, streaked
with brown, and has merely the
distinguishing red upon the head,
and this of lesser brilliancy.

The Redpoll is a native of
Sweden and Norway, and some
parts of Germany, where the birds
breed. They are generally known
upon the rest of the continent of Europe, and migrate to

62 FAMILIAR WILD I3IUDS.

this country, as does the Siskin,, during the autumn, gene-
rally commencing to arrive about the second week in
September; and the young male birds, even then, show
signs of the red breast, having, at such time, a pink
shade pervading those feathers.

These interesting little birds are gregarious, and there-
fore very susceptible to the allurements of the bird-
catcher's call-bird. During the winter they feed upon
the seeds of the alder and birch trees, and upon button weed
and such-like seeds. In districts where such food abounds,
Redpolls are very plentiful, and, if disturbed, will rise
almost simultaneously with a musical sort of chattering
twitter, and settle upon the nearest tree. They are, how-
ever, very tame and approachable ; and even if a stone be
thrown at them will, if compatible with any degree of
safety, return to the same tree. The report of a gun, and
the terrors of the rattling shot, cannot altogether quell
this daring disposition. As alder trees generally grow
near water, it is in such localities that the Redpoll is most
frequently found, and then, too, in considerable numbers,
sometimes as many as two or three hundred congregating
together. Waste lands or commons are also much fre-
quented by this enterprising little bird.

Many instances have been quoted of Redpolls breeding
in this country. Morris mentions a nest found at Shanklin
Chine ; Selby asserts that he found a nest in the North of
England; and another pair were, during the year 1882,
found breeding near Oxford, in which year also several
nests were found in Norfolk. A pair once bred in
our garden in an elder bush about six feet high ; but this
pair were found to be escaped birds, as possibly may have
been those instanced above, though it cannot be denied

THE REDPOLL. 63

that birds delayed in migration might make up their minds
to colonise in this country. Still, the comparative scarcity
of such instances would go to refute such a supposition,
and the " escaped bird }) theory would probably be the
more correct.

The nest so found by us near Brighton was small, but
prettily built, with a foundation of twigs, dry grass, stalks,
and moss, intermingled with the down of the catkin of
the willow, which forms a beautifully soft lining ; and this
description tallies to a great extent with that of Mr. Selby.

About April, or the beginning of May, Redpolls
commence their return migration, which is evidently of an
erratic nature, as some of the birds are in full plumage
as regards the red breast, whilst the general plumage is
lighter, which would almost lead us to suppose that these
birds had wintered in Southern Europe; but being of a
gregarious nature, it is very difficult to distinguish the
arrival of these fortunate strangers. Certain it seems
that with age the distinguishing colour deepens and also
brightens, although this rule is completely reversed if the
bird be kept in captivity, as in that case the red entirely
disappears from the breast and rump, and in process of
time also from the head, its place being taken there by a
greenish gold.

Although so small, the Redpoll is a very hardy bird,
and from its extreme docility is a particular pet, especially
with children. Being so plentiful, the price is extremely
small ; therefore it is that, despite the very meagre song of
the Redpoll, which is limited to two notes and a call-note,
generally represented by ( ' pe-weet," often repeated, this
little bird may be found in every bird-seller's shop, and
generally receives a home in every aviary. But especially

64 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

is the Redpoll kept by lovers of birds, from the fact that
its docility will allow it to be taught many interesting-
tricks. Besides eating from the feeder's hand, it will
learn to draw up water in a glass cup or bucket from the
well arranged in cages for the purpose, or open the lid
of the seed- box, or, again, draw each receptacle up an
inclined plane, together with other amusing tricks, which
may be easily taught by patient owners.

ZE)

THE KINGDOVE.

Coin tuba palumbas.

HIS bird is perhaps more gene-
rally known in country districts
as the Wood-pigeon, whilst it
also possesses in some localities
the name of Cushat, which
latter name more generally
applies to poetical references.

The voice of the Ringdove
must have been heard by every-
one in the habit of walking in
the country where trees are
plentiful. Sometimes, accord-
ing to the tenor of the hearer's
thoughts or mental condition,
the soft ' ' coo-coo, co-co-cooo "
has a soothing, sometimes a
melancholy influence ; and we
have known persons particu-
larly irritated by the weari-
some iteration. But what
poetry would do without the
voice and reputed faithful-
ness of the Dove as a rhyme to
" love/' only those who have
never scribbled verse can tell.

66 FAMILIAR WILL BIRDS.

The length of the Ringdove is from 17 J to 18 inches.
The plumage is of a generally distributed slate-colour ;
upon each side of the neck is a patch of white feathers,
surrounded by a ring of bright green and some purple
feathers, from which circumstance its name Ringdove is
derived. When in flight the white feathers upon the
wing will at once determine its denomination. The
sexes are difficult to distinguish.

As may be imagined from one of its names, these birds
inhabit wooded districts, and are to be found throughout
the British Isles and Europe generally. The nest is
usually built upon the forks of trees, sometimes but from
six to eight feet from the ground, yet at others from that
height up to the top of the tree. They will also often
build their nest in ivy. This nest is built of twigs, loosely
laid upon the forked branches, and of so light and fragile
a nature that the eggs and young may often be discerned
from beneath. In connection with the nest of this bird,
we cannot forbear from quoting a local anecdote. The
Magpie was instructing the Dove in nest-building. " You
place twigs thus and thus, and others thus and thus, inter-
lacing/' « Oh, I see ! " said the Dove. « Go and do it,
then/' said the Magpie, who now has a covered nest,
whereas the anticipatory Dove has but a poor framework of
a foundation for a nest, which seems made simply to be
blown away. How unlike, for instance, the beautiful nest
of the Chaffinch or the poor little Wrens ! These seem to
provide against every eventuality; but the thoughtless
Ringdove seems to imagine that there can be no storms, that
the branches of the trees cannot move beneath the influence
of the wind ; and, as a consequence, the two white eggs or
the young are often blown from the nest and destroyed.

THE ItlXGDOTE. 67

The shape of the eggs, which are but two in number, is
a rounded oval ; and they are pure white in colour. They
are esteemed by some to be delicious eating.

Two broods are usually produced in the year; but,
especially if mishap has befallen either of the previous
nests, they will sometimes have three. Both parents assist
in the duties of incubation. The young are partially
covered with yellow down, and do not obtain their full
sight for about nine days. Their plumage is not so bright
as that of the adult bird, having a brownish tinge ; and
the ring upon the neck is not obtained until after the
first moult.

Although Wood-pigeons drink but seldom, they feed
to repletion, and retire to digest their meal in quiet. The
food consists of corn and grain, beechmast, peas, tares and
vetches, acorns, and in hard times even hazel-nuts; it is
therefore entirely of a vegetable nature ; in fact, this is one
of the few birds that totally abstain from insectivorous or
carnivorous food. They also feed upon the young shoots
of turnip-tops. Being of a gregarious nature, many of these
birds (sometimes even in company with the domesticated
pigeon) will assail a corn or other seed-sown field, and, with
stately step and nodding head, speedily demolish any seeds
or grain that rain or other adverse circumstances may have
left exposed. At these times, however, they do not allow
themselves to be taken at any disadvantage ; but, as with
the Rook and Starling, they place vedettes around, who
give due notice of any intrusion or danger.

The minds of farmers and others are considerably
exercised as to whether the Wood-pigeon, or Ringdove,
repays for the corn, &c., devoured, even when the bird is in
turn eaten amid all the savoury surroundings of pigeon -pie.

68

FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

The ordinary flight of the Ringdove is very strong and
rapid. If disturbed whilst sitting upon the nest, the bird
seems to commence her flight in a blundering style, accom-
panied with a peculiar clapping or flapping of the wings,
which may be heard at a considerable distance, especially
when several commence flying simultaneously. And this
peculiarity occurs even during their ordinary flight.

THE WRYNECK.

Yunx torquilla.

LTHOUGH found in many parts
of England, this bird is not
generally known, and many
who have heard its note have
been at a loss to distinguish
\ the utterer; and this for the
great reason that the Wryneck
is with difficulty distinguished,
on account of the colour of its
plumage, and, again, because
its general haunts are wooded
districts. It is in parks,
avenues of trees, or other well-
protected positions where trees
are plentiful, that the Wryneck
will be most usually found, but
this particularly in the east and
south of England. It is also,
though rarely, found in Scot-
land, but seldom in Ireland.

The name " Wryneck " is de-
rived from the extremely erratic
movement of the neck of this bird when
in a state of fright or ordinary pleasure.
At such times the neck twists and

70 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

wriggles in very similar manner to a snake, and from
this peculiar movement the Wryneck is known in many
districts as the " snake -bird"; but this name also applies
to the plumage, since this bird is arrayed in feathers some-
what resembling the common snake in colour and general
arrangement.

It is a plain greyish-coloured bird, pencilled, barred,
and mottled with brown in a most elegant manner, and
darker upon the back and wings. The chin and throat are
yellowish-white, and the breast white, all barred trans-
versely with black. The female greatly resembles the
male, though the plumage is not generally so bright.

The {light of the bird is very dull and heavy in com-
parison to its size. Yet it is migratory, leaving this
country in September, and returning about the beginning
of April, just before the cuckoo ; and from this circum-
stance is derived its local name of t( cuckoo's mate."" It is
also known as the " tongue bird," from the fact of its
tongue being particularly long, and of a silvery appearance.
This is the more noticeable when the bird is in pursuit of
its food, as the organ is darted out in a most rapid manner,
and withdrawn just as suddenly, seldom having missed
securing the object ^aimed at.

The general haunt of the Wryneck is upon a sunny
bank or the dead branch of a tree. Although it sometimes
ascends the trunks of trees, it does not use its tail as a
support, the same as the Creeper or the Woodpecker, but
generally runs along the branches in search of the various
insects or larvae secreted in the bark, though the principal
food consists of ants and their eggs. Even though the beak
is differently constituted to that of the Woodpecker tribe,
this bird appears to be the link between those birds and

TEE WRYNECK. 71

the Cuckoo, having many of the attributes of either, as it
is decidedly non-gregarious, being almost invariably found
singly, or at most in pairs.

The nest is built in various places, inasmuch as it will
sometimes be found in the deserted hole of a Woodpecker,
whilst at others the bird will choose a hole in an old
decayed tree, often beside a country road, though generally
in a more wooded locality. This nest is composed of
moss, wool, hair, and grass-stalks, laid upon a foundation
of decayed wood. The eggs are eight or nine in number,
but have varied from five to twelve, and are of a pure
shining white. The same nesting-place is resorted to
several years, as the birds seem to be very much attached
to their familiar haunts. The young are fed principally
upon ants and their eggs, with a few caterpillars and
such-like insects.

In connection with the snake-like appearance under
some circumstances, especially if wounded, it may be
added that the Wryneck will even hiss as it writhes and
twists its neck. Indeed, so peculiarly snake-like is its
appearance at such a time, that many have been deterred
from taking it into the hand, so much did the bird
resemble that much-abhorred reptile. The young, too,
have the peculiar power of the adults, and will hiss if
disturbed in the nest. These various circumstances make
up one of the most singular instances of what is called
" protective mimicry " in the animal world.

Although generally living in unfrequented positions,
the Wryneck is not a shy bird, but if approached will
show a certain amount of disregard for the observer, not
flying away if disturbed, but contenting itself with simply
running along the branch.

72

t 'AMI LI Alt WILL) BIRDS.

Its call is said to be varied; the general utterance of
the Wryneck is one clearly-defined note delivered in suc-
cession, and which may be well represented by the phrase
" Peel, peel, peel/' each note repeated some eight or nine
times. As before mentioned, it also hisses; and it has
been remarked to have a peculiarly soft note during the
nesting season.

The Wryneck is about the same size as a Lark, being
about seven and a-half inches in length.

THE GOLDEN-CKESTED WEEN.

Sylvia, regulus.
Motacilla „
Cristatus „

HIS is the smallest of Euro-
pean birds. It is but 3J
inches in length, but is excep-
tionally pretty. Whilst the
birds are in flight or in pur-
suit of food it is difficult to
determine the sexes, as at such
times the distinguishing crest
is partially closed over by the
black feathers on either side;
but if influenced by pleasure or
other excitement, the crest is ex-
panded, covering the whole of
the head, and upon inspection,
it will be found that the male
has a broad orange (the female,
lemon) streak from the forehead
over the crown of the head. The
whole of the upper part of the body
is olive-green, but lighter towards
the tail-coverts ; the under part
is greyish-white, shaded — especially on
the cheeks, throat, breast, and flanks

74 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

— with buff. The wings and tail are olive-green, but
the flight-feathers are edged with yellowish-white, and
prettily barred with white, which is very perceptible in
flight.

Although so diminutive, the Gold-crest is to be found
in countries where the climate would appear to be alto
gether prohibitory to so small a bird ; but the poor little
creature seems somehow to exist, even amid the snow
and frost-bound wastes of Siberia, and positively revels
amidst the pine-clad hills and mountains of Norway
and Sweden ; indeed, the race would appear to particularly
affect the north, and it is chiefly in such countries that
these birds build and make their homes.

Though their powers of flight are necessan/y re-
stricted, the Gold-crest is a partially migratory bird, for
although many stay in England throughout the winter,
yet a number leave us. Another peculiar migration occurs
in October, when these birds visit gardens in the south in
such considerable numbers, that in 1882, in a garden at
Brighton, a boy killed with a catapult as many as twenty
birds in one day. At these times, in spite of their gre-
garious habits, they are continually fighting one another.

Although their diminutive size often enables them
to evade observation, the Gold-crest is not a shy bird,
but will allow an observer to approach within a few
yards ; indeed, it would seem as if fear in a bird's mind
increased in direct proportion to its size. Gales seem to
have a great effect upon this pretty little bird, and it is
more generally seen immediately after one of those dis-
turbances of nature. Indeed, it would appear that wind
has a much more distressing influence upon these birds
than even frost or snow.

THE GOLDEN-CRESTED WREN'. 75

The usual song of the Gold-crest is weak, but very
pleasing, and much resembles that of the Common Wren.
Its call is a shrill but weak note, most nearly represented
by " tsit, tsit,"

Their muscular powers appear to be weak, as they
seldom hop from place to place without calling in the
assistance of the wings, which they seem to be always
flapping whilst in pursuit of their food, for they nutter
around and underneath the leaves, and pick off the insects
that may have taken refuge there. They are most in-
defatigable in their search, calling to one another mean-
while, and so searching branch after branch, ridding them
of any small insects that may be found, but especially
small winged insects — or, according to the season, their
larvae — for it is upon such food that the Gold-crest feeds.

This bird breeds early — usually during March — building
its nest generally in a fir-tree, but sometimes in yews,
or even in a laurustinus. The nest is dome-shaped, with
a small aperture at the side, and not built upon the
branches, but suspended therefrom, and at various heights
from the ground, sometimes but five feet, varying to ten
feet. The nest is built chiefly of green moss, lichens,
caterpillars' cocoons, and the down of the flowering
willow; this structure is lined with feathers, but the
exterior much resembles in appearance the branch upon
which it is suspended. Observant dwellers in the country
may have often noticed -these nests, apparently deserted
and unfinished. The reason is that, like the Common
Wren, this diminutive bird makes various efforts in the way
of nest-building before an edifice or its site gives satis-
faction ; but when such is finally the case, the female
deposits therein a various number of tiny eggs — though

76 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

large for the size of the bird — usually eight or nine, of a
pale flesh-colour, but so thickly spotted with reddish-
brown as to comparatively alter the ground-colour. These
spots, as a rule, form a ring at the larger end. The young
are fed similarly to the parent birds, who are most earnest
and painstaking in their endeavours to supply their callow
brood with food.

The young resemble the adult birds in general plu-
mage, but are not so bright, and no yellow appears upon
the head until after the first moult.

The Golden-crested Wren may be kept in the aviary,
but with great difficulty, as the food necessitates constant
attention; whilst their size is such, that the slightest
mishap occasions death. One or two cases are, however,
known in which the bird has been bred and reared in
captivity.

THE WHITETHEOAT,

Sylvia cinerea.
MotaciUa „

HE Whitethroat is decidedly the
commonest of the Warbler tribe,
and may be found more
or less plentifully throughout
England, especially towards
the south. These beautiful
and elegant birds frequent
gardens, thickets, hedgerows,
or the outskirts of woods ; and,
unlike most of the Sylvia
tribe, will even make a home
upon the hill-sides, amidst the
furze and brambles.

From a habit of frequenting,
and even building, amidst nettles,
this bird is known in many dis-
tricts as the " Nettle-Creeper/'

The Whitethroat is about
5| inches in length; the head
and neck are grey ; the back, too, is grey,
but tinged deeply with brown. The
tail is dark brown, the feathers being
edged with rust-colour, the two outer feathers, however,
are greyish-white, which is most distinctly perceptible

78 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

in flight. Like the tail, the wings are dark brown,
each feather being edged with a light rusty brown; the
throat and belly are white ; the breast, sides, and vent are
very pale grey, tinted in a beautiful manner with a
delicate rosy flesh-colour.

The Whitethroat is non-gregarious, for, although
many pairs may be building in a neighbourhood, they do
not associate, as with some birds, but keep strictly to
themselves; and, indeed, it is seldom that even a pair
are seen together, each seeming to have its separate walk
in life.

The male birds arrive in England several days before
the females, as is the case with others of the Sylvidae,
and they are generally here by the second week in
April. When they have paired, they fix upon a nesting-
place, which, however, is in most varied positions :
sometimes in a hedgerow (even close to a road), in the
furze upon the sides of hills, or waste lands ; at other
times in a bush in a garden; but oftener perhaps in
brambles, or the bushes of the wild rose that grow among
little thickets, which the hand of the modern practical
farmer has left untouched.

In the security of this prickly retreat the pair of
birds build a deep nest, thinly constructed of dry grass,
lichens, and wool, lined with horsehair, and therein the
female deposits from four to five eggs : their colour is a
dirty greenish- white, spotted and speckled with green and
brownish-grey.

During nesting-time especially, the male bird sings
his song under varying circumstances, and consequently
in varying manner. He seems at this time, however, to
be somewhat pugnacious, as when singing he elevates

THE WHITETHHOAT. 79

the feathers upon the top of the head, and so forms a
crest. The song has been variously described, but to our
mind it is decidedly pleasing. It consists of a pretty
phrase uttered in a joyous manner, and accompanied with
many odd jerks and gestures. The usual mode of delivery
is whilst the bird is fluttering at a height of about
twenty feet, having risen from the spray of bramble
upon which it was sitting. Thus, with butterfly-like
motions and jerking neck, it utters its carol, and then
suddenly drops with subsiding song into the bush it had
quitted so shortly before. The call-notes of the bird are
very varied. At times it sounds somewhat like "hived,
hived ; " again, like " cha, cha ;" and at other times like
<( purr, purr " — each note doubtless expressing some dis-
tinct phase of the singer's feeling.

The Whitethroats at certain seasons are real friends to
the gardener, as their food, and that of their young, is
then almost entirely insectivorous. They live principally
upon caterpillars, small beetles, and winged insects,
catching the latter in an adroit manner whilst upon the
wing ; but as summer advances the Whitethroat takes toll
of currants, raspberries, and strawberries, and in autumn
elderberries are the staple food.

The young do not obtain the bluish-grey upon the
head until the succeeding spring, the feathers meanwhile
being brown ; neither have they the beautiful delicate shade
of pink upon the breast until we see them again in England
in the succeeding spring, upon their return migration.
The autumn migration commences in September, and
continues until October. Instances have occurred of their
remaining later, an individual bird having been observed
even in December ; but this is rare.

80 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

As is the case with many other birds, if disturbed
whilst sitting upon her nest, the female will often simulate
being wounded, and flutter off, in the hope of attracting
the intruder's attention from her nest. Therefore the
nest is easily found if the hedgerow is beaten.

From the sprightliness of its nature, no less than its
delicate beauty, this bird is well worthy a place in any
moderate-sized aviary, especially as its pretty song —
delivered, too, whilst upon the wing — is not its only
attraction, for the Whitethroat will become very tame, and
eat its food — especially mealworms — from the hand of its
keeper. However, being a migratory bird, it will in most
cases require artificial warmth, or at least that of a
conservatory or sitting-room, during winter.

1

Jpfc*

>

THRUSH

(v* NATURAL SIZE)

THE THEUSH.

Turdus Diusicus.

ELL distinguished as the "Song
Thrush/'' this bird,, as such a
name denotes, is possessed o£ one
of the most melodious voices to
be found in the list of British
song- birds.

Thoroughly familiar it is,
and exceedingly popular as a
cage-bird; but beautifully as
the Thrush will sing in confine-
ment, it is when, in early morn,
or as evening twilight advances,
the Thrush has taken up a
favourite position upon the
withered bough of a tree, that
his song is heard to the greatest
perfection. Clear, yet full of
mellowness — now pealing out
a phrase of wild bluff heartiness,
and anon with long-drawn note
tinged with exquisite pathos —
the song of the Thrush strikes
a responsive chord in the heart
of every hearer. Indeed, under
the name of the Mavis and

11

82 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

Throstle, the bird has had a prominent position in the
world of poesy from the earliest times. Its beautiful song
commences early in January, and is heard throughout the
whole year, with the exception of moulting time.

The Thrush is a fine, handsome bird, with pretty, though
somewhat colourless, plumage. The whole upper part is
olive brown, somewhat deeper coloured upon the head and
neck. The throat is a yellowish-white, partially speckled
with dark brown spots ; the breast is pale buff, tinged
more darkly on either side, and from the throat down to
the thighs flecked with very dark brown triangular spots.
The sexes may with difficulty be distinguished, except that
the male is possibly smaller, whilst the female has larger
spots upon the breast, and not so much buff. As, however,
the female is mute, the song supplies an unerring guide.

Though of some size — i.e., 8J inches in length — this
bird does not walk, but when upon the ground proceeds
with a series of leaps or hops ; the flight, however, is
rapid, and capable of being sustained for a considerable
distance; yet the Thrush is only a partially migratory
bird, most individuals remaining with us throughout the
winter. At that season, however, a considerable migration
appears to arrive from the north, possibly driven south by
snow or hard weather.

It is seldom that more than a pair of Thrashes are seen
together, except at the period of their forced migration in
winter; and even then their numbers never attain to the
extent of the flocks of Fieldfares.

The general abode of these birds is in the neighbour-
hood of gardens, plantations, hedgerows, and thickets ; yet
there is little limit to their choice, sometimes living in well-
watered valleys, and again among furze and thickets upon

THE THRUSH. 83

the hill-sides, where water must perforce be somewhat
scarce.

The nest is generally placed in a hedgerow or thicket,
or in furze ; but the position is varied, and greatly depends
upon circumstances. Sometimes they are very shy in their
choice of a nesting-place, and again will at times select a
position which demands from them the most fearless confi-
dence: some having placed their nest in a shrub or bush in
a garden, or near a house, where it was possible for passers-
by to observe their eggs or young. The nest is formed
externally of small twigs, fine roots, green moss, and
leaves, with a lining of mud. The eggs are generally five
or six in number, of a light greenish-blue colour, speckled
with black spots, especially at the larger end, where they
often form a well-defined ring.

The young are fed with exemplary assiduity by the
parents, chiefly upon insects, until, being able to provide
for themselves, they are thrown upon their own resources
by the old birds, who start building another nest.

The usual food of the Thrush is such as to make it
especially valuable to the gardener and husbandman ; for
although in summer it may feed upon different kinds of
fruit, yet its diet chiefly consists of insects, caterpillars,
worms, and snails ; among the latter especially may be in-
cluded those that so greatly infest wall-fruit trees (notably
apricots and peaches). The shell of this snail, however, is
comparatively hard; and the Thrush, therefore, to obtain
the dainty within, dashes the shell against a large
stone in a most adroit manner, until the shell is crushed.
Hence, it may be freely admitted that the few fruits
purloined in summer have been well earned. In winter
the Thrush feeds principally upon snails and berries.

84 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

The " call " of the bird is a short, harsh cackle ; but
unless disturbed, it is generally silent. The " song " of
the male has already been described, and is amongst the
most conspicuous of all the melodious notes which fill the
air, even in the neighbourhood of large cities.

Thrushes will breed in a large aviary. If confined in a
cage (which should be large and have wooden bars), the
Thrush will often become tame enough to feed from the
hand; it will, however, require constant cleaning, as it
is very apt to scatter its food. A little fru.it in summer
will be a treat, as also an occasional snail.

S I S K I |S| ( P/\ I R )

( * 5 pl/\TljRAL SHE)

THE SISKIN.

Fringilla Spinus. —

Dcr Zeizifj.— BECHSTEIX.

T has often been matter for sur-
prise that this sweetly docile,
pretty, and amusing little bird
is not better known, though
certainly its merits are fast at-
tracting attention; and before
long, if the supply of Gold-
finches becomes exhausted, the
Siskin may ^possibly supply its
place as a cage-bird. Better
known in London, and in some
other parts of England, as the
Aberdevine, it may be that
the double name has mystified
amateur ornithologists ; but
from the numbers lately im-
ported from Germany, it is
seldom that a well-constituted
aviary is destitute of one of
these sprightly little birds.

Since no mention of the
bird appears in the Rev. Gilbert
White's " History of Selborne"
— and he was a most observant
and true naturalist — it would

86 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

appear almost as if these little winter visitants were
unknown around that district.

The plumage of the Siskin, together with its other
natural advantages, gives it a very high position in the
list of Finches. Its beauty is indeed beyond gainsaying,
a brilliant lemon-yellow pervading its plumage throughout ;
and this colour is thrown into especial contrast by the
deepness of the black of the head and rest of the plumage.

Several instances have been recorded of Siskins breed-
ing in confinement ; and it may be that the patience and
perseverance of breeders may in the dim future make the
Siskin a rival progenitor to the original Green Canary.
The Siskin even at the present day mates freely with the
Canary ; and the mules produced are handsome birds, and
especially sweet songsters.

This interesting little bird is probably a native of
Norway and Sweden, although found breeding in certain
districts of Germany. What more concerns our present
readers is the fact that the Siskin has been found breeding
near London, although it is extremely possible that these
instances — as remarked of the Redpoll — were merely
escaped birds. Yet it has been proved from the time of
Yarrell that many nests existed in the pine-trees of Scot-
land ; and an enthusiastic ornithologist of the present day,
Mr. Booth, of the Dyke Road Museum, Brighton, was
fortunate enough to find an unmistakeably wild nest whilst
he was sojourning in Scotland.

The nest is thus described by Morris. "It is placed
in trees, at only a short or moderate height from the
ground, and is composed of stalks of grass and small root
and fibres, moss and lichens, lined with hair, rabbits' fur,
thistle-down, wool, or a few feathers." Bechstein, how-

THE SISKIN. 87

ever, thus : — " It prefers building in forests of pine or fir,
and places its nest on the highest bough of one of those
trees, or sometimes on the branch of the alder. It is
fastened to the bough with spiders' web, coral moss, and
threads from the cocoons of various insects, and is cleverly
constructed of these materials, woven together with small
twigs, and lined with very fine roots."

The eggs are of a greyish-white, spotted thickly, par-
ticularly at the larger end, with purplish-brown, and are
generally five or six in number.

The migratory appearance of the Siskin in this country
is somewhat erratic, and is in keeping with the mystery
that enshrouds some other of the proceedings of its life.
In some years a considerable migration arrives in England
from the north, which would almost point to the fact that
these little birds must have crossed the German Ocean ; or
it may be — for their numbers so considerably vary— that
these are merely the birds bred in Scotland. In other
years — and this appears to be the real migration — the move-
ment proceeds from Norway and Sweden via Germany,
picking up the stragglers in that country, and. so to the
south of England.

Bechstein observes that the male generally loses the
black of the throat in the moult of the second year ; but
this is not a uniform rule, as we have known many varying
specimens. The birds, however, invariably increase in
brilliancy and beauty of plumage with age.

The food of the Siskin whilst in Norway and Sweden
seems to be the seeds of the firs and pines. In the autumn,
Bechstein says they exist' upon the seeds of the thistle and
burdock. In England, in October, they feed upon button-
weed, and in winter and early spring subsist upon alder

FAMILIAR WILD VIltDS.

seeds, the small buds o£ various tcees, and the seeds of fir

cones.

The song of the Siskin generally commences with a
phrase somewhat common with the Linnet, finishing with
one which may be represented by " gurgle geeter jaaa."
The usual note, however, is a pretty, tuneful, but jerky
twitter, often marred by the harsh note "jaaa." The
ordinary call, which is often repeated, is somewhat after
the manner of the Redpoll, and may be described as a little
more metallic "keet.w When given in warning, before
taking to flight, it is " chuck a chuck keet."

THE GREENFINCH.

>s,

Coccothraustes Moris.
Fringilla chloris.

HE Greenfinch is perhaps the
least interesting of the Finch
tribe, if it be possible to imagine
any of the family less interest-
ing than another ; but it is only
necessary to watch this bird in
its natural condition, to observe
very many instances of that in-
scrutable instinct which teaches
all living nature its own par-
ticular work in the economy

; of life.

Handsome in plumage the
Greenfinch would be, did not a
certain sober-coloured grey so
much predominate. In form
the bird is somewhat heavy,
from which circumstance it ig
known in some districts by the
sobriquet of " Green Chub." It
is also known as the " Green
Linnet/' though totally dis-
similar from the sprightly Lin-
net, both in form and plumage.
Its flight is varied according to

12

90 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

the season : in the spring the male flies with a motion
somewhat similar to that of the Swallow, and utters its
song in the fulness of its heart whilst upon the wing;
but when the exuberance of summer has subsided its flight
becomes modified, and though still quick and strong, is quite
straight, with a very rapid movement of the wings. When
collected in flocks, the birds fly closely together, and make
a splendid chance shot for the embryo sportsman. They are
also easily caught in a net or trap ; the gullibility of a
Greenfinch being remarkable ; perhaps their habit of
congregating together makes the attraction of a brace,
or call-bird, doubly enticing.

The hen is somewhat similar in appearance to the male
bird, but is shorn of the glory of the brilliant yellow that
forms his chief attraction, a dull, greenish, leaden grey
being the prevailing colour of her plumage.

Greenfinches generally build their nest in high and thick
hedges, but are very easily pleased with a building site,
often choosing bushes, especially elder or evergreens, and
sometimes the small lower branches of a tree. The
nest is somewhat loose as regards the exterior, which is
composed of twigs and a lot of moss ; but they study the
comfort of the interior more narrowly, lining it softly with
wool, feathers, and horsehair. The eggs are generally five
or six in number, though as many as seven have been
known. In about fourteen days the young are hatched,
and are fed by the parent birds until old enough to
leave the nest. Their appearance at this time is very
different, being greenish-grey upon the upper parts, and
with this colour as a groundwork, streaked with dark brown
upon the back, breast, and throat. Their mouths are of a
dark crimson inside when in the nest, and are always open

THE GREENFINCH. 91

for food. A pair of birds will build as many as three or
four nests in a year.

The young, upon becoming full-fledged, will all fly out
of the nest together at the slightest imminent danger ;
as many a schoolboy may remember, when, after watching
a nest with exemplary patience, he finds his treasure
escape him just when he had made up his mind to possess
it. The parent birds, when disturbed upon the nest, do
not fly far away, but continue around, uttering most
melancholy lamentations. The exceedingly plaintive tone
of their long " tway" is enough to strike remorse into the
heart of the most inveterate bird-n ester.

The song of the Greenfinch is better than generally
imagined, though differing in individuals, consisting as it
does of only a few notes; but these are somewhat full
and rich, though slightly marred by a few harsh notes that
are occasionally interspersed.

Greenfinches feed upon almost all kinds of grain and
seeds, especially dandelion, of which they are very fond,
not even despising those growing by the country roadsides,
where indeed they are generally plentiful ; groundsel, chick-
weed, and sowthistle also help to swell the bill of fare,
and in the spring-time the sweet young buds and the
gardener's radish and cabbage seeds have to suffer. In
winter, when all these dainties have disappeared, the
Greenfinch makes shift with hips and haws, and will visit
farm-yards and rick-yards and haystacks in search of food.

Towards the end of autumn Greenfinches congregate
together, and when the migratory season is at hand appear
in large flocks. But the bird is only partially migratory ;
and whilst many seek a more congenial climate, a very
large number remain in England the whole of the winter.

92 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

During1 the winter these birds will often admit strangers
of the same class into their flock, and many a stray Chaf-
finch or Linnet may be observed feeding with them. When
alarmed, they all rise and hurry off to the nearest tree. A
stray one amidst a flock of Linnets may always be so
traced, as the Linnets remain in the open, while the Green-
finch rushes off to shelter.

The Greenfinch is, perhaps, the commonest of the Finch
tribe, the Sparrow alone excepted, and is to be found
throughout the whole of the cultivated portions of Great
Britain, and is well known in Ireland. The length and
breadth of Europe is laid under contribution, and along the
Levant and in Asia Minor it is plentiful.

REDSTART

7 '.-•. (J-V'-'RA;. SU~E)

THE EEDSTAET.

Ph&nicura ruticilla.
Sylvia phcenicunis.

LTHOUGH one of the hand-
somest of English song birds,
the Redstart is but little known
by name, except to ornitholo-
gists— and this, too, in spite of
the fact that it is not uncom-
mon, especially in certain locali-
ties, where, however, when
noticed, it is generally denomi-
nated by the name of " Fire-
tail/-' This sobriquet is derived
from the peculiar manner in
which it shakes its tail, which
is totally different from the
steady up-and-down manner
peculiar to the Wagtails and
various " Chats/' When dis-
turbed, the Redstart does not
fly far, unless danger be immi-
nent, but contents itself with a
short flight of from twenty
to thirty yards, settling upon
an outer branch; and there it
calmly sits, and shakes its tail
whilst reconnoitring. Many

94 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

persons, doubtless, when walking along a quiet roadside
or near a coppice, may have noticed the peculiar tactics
of this almost Orientally-coloured bird, and at the same
time wondered as to its name and nationality.

The plumage of the Redstart is subject to variety,
according to the season. That in summer is very striking :
the beak is black, except at the corners, which are yellow,
as is also the inside ; from the base of the beak towards
the eye, and the chin, throat, and upper part of the breast,
it is black, the feathers being generally slightly edged with
grey. The forehead is white ; the wings are brown, the outer
edges of the feathers rather lighter ; the lower part of the
breast, the sides, and rump are bright rusty red, the belly
much lighter, shading below to rusty yellow; the neck and
back are leaden -grey, slightly tinged with red ; the tail is
rusty red, with two brown feathers in the centre. In winter,
the adult males, as also the young males of the year after
their autumnal moult, are not possessed of the white fore-
head, the feathers being then edged with brown ; the chin,
throat, and breast are tipped with whitish-grey, and the
upper part of the body becomes pale reddish-brown, tinged
with the grey. The length of the Redstart is about
5J inches.

The female is much less handsome, and is also a trifle
smaller, than the male. An uniform greyish-brown per-
vades the upper part ; the chin and throat are dusky- white ;
the breast is dirty rust colour ; the wings are lighter, but
the tail is not quite so bright.

Its haunts are very varied in their nature, sometimes
being a most retired and sequestered spot, or thickets and
hedgerows, and again even near to dwelling-houses. The
nest is placed in a hole in a tree or wall, or amongst the loose

THE REDSTART. 95

stones of a fallen wall, or in a nook behind a tree growing
against a house. This nest is loosely constructed of roots
and grasses, with a few feathers and hairs. The eggs,
which much resemble those of the Hedge Sparrow, though
lighter, are apple-green in colour, and vary in number from
five to seven.

The young birds, as soon as the wing and tail feathers
attain any size, do not continue in the nest throughout the
day, but may be seen perched upon the branches of a
neighbouring bush or tree, whilst the parents are busily
feeding them.

The food of the Redstart is almost entirely insecti-
vorous, and consists chiefly of ants and their eggs, flies,
moths, spiders, caterpillars, worms, and beetles. As with
Flycatchers, they pursue flies and moths upon the wing
as well as when feeding upon the ground. The young
are fed upon a similar diet.

As before mentioned, these birds are migratory, and
begin to arrive in this country about the beginning of
April ; and they are more generally to be observed, especially
in the hedgerows, at this time, than when, later on, they
are absorbed in the duties of incubation. They retire to
the Continent in September, though isolated cases have
happened when a bird has been observed later.

The song of the Redstart is very pretty, although com-
posed of but few notes — indeed, somewhat similar to that
of the Whitethroat ; unlike that bird, however, its manner
of delivery is very different, as the song is generally uttered
whilst sitting upon a tree. It is continued, with inter-
missions, from morning until evening. Its call-notes are
varied. Morris likens one to " chippoo/' whilst McGilliv-
ray describes another as " oichit."

96

FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

This bird may be kept in a cage or aviary, where its
handsome appearance will immediately attract attention.
Redstarts are, however, very delicate, and require artificial
heat in winter, and will seldom thrive unless meat be given
and a plentiful supply of meal-worms. They have been
reported to have learnt to whistle a tune, Mr. Sweet
mentioning one so gifted. They will, even in a state of
nature, imitate the songs of other birds, such as the Robin,
Lesser Whitethroat, Chaffinch, Garden Warbler, and even
the chirping of the Sparrow ; and were they more hardy
and susceptible of aviary domestication, there is no doubt
that their powers of song could be considerably developed,
as in the case of the Canary.

(5/7|vJATbRAl- SIZE)

THE TEAL.

Anas crccca.
fyt(crqucdul« crccca.

ILTHOUGH (he smallest of the
true Duck tribe, this bird is
very handsome, and very good
eating withal.

In size it is from about
fourteen to Hftcen inches in
length. The head and neck
are chesnut, except that a
very narrow band of light
buff, starting at the base of
the beak, extends over the
eye to the back of the head ;
another band branches off
from the front of the eye, and
passing under, loses itself at
the ear coverts. Between
these two bands from around
the eye, and extending to-
wards the back of the head,
is a broader band of glossy
bluish-green, which reaches a
short way down the back of
the neck. The chin is black,
the breast yellowish- white,

SS FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

spotted with black and tinged with purple, the under part
shading1 to dusky white, and barred — -or rather, waved — with
zigzag black and white lines ; the back is also so barred,
with a ground colour of pale grey, shaded with dark brown
towards the tail. The wings are dark brown, very prettily
barred with glossy green, white, and rufous brown. The
tail is pale dusky brown, edged with white, except two
middle feathers, which are grey, edged with buff. The
female is not so handsome as the male, a brown patch
taking the place of the green streak running from the
eye to the back of the head. The green spangle upon
the wing is also darker, being more deeply tinged with
purple.

When the young are first hatched they are covered
with a dark-coloured down ; but in about two months
they become like the female, the males not attaining
their full plumage until the middle of the succeeding
winter.

About the end of July or beginning of August the
adult male assumes the duller plumage of the female.

This bird, which has been aptly termed the " little
Wild Duck/' may be found pretty generally throughout
Europe, especially in Norway and Sweden, these latter
countries being their most popular breeding-places. They
are, however, plentiful in England, more especially in the
winter months, when a considerable migration takes place
from the Continent.

There are some, however, that breed in England,
especially in low marshy districts, as they are more fond of
inland waters than the sea-side. They may generally be
found frequenting the edges of rivers, ponds, pools, lakes,
or such-like pieces of vvate^; also in marshy grounds, and

THE TEAL. 99

even small streams and ditches,, more especially it* they
find there the protection of flags and rushes.

Their food consists of grain generally, especially barley
and oats, which is first moistened before swallowing ; they
also feed upon duckweed and sueh-like plants, as well as
grass, seeds, and water-insects.

The nest is usually built by the side of an inland lake;
but may also be found in many other places, and even
sometimes placed in clefts of rock or in stony places by the
sea-shore. This nest is generally built of vegetable sub-
stances, such as heath and grasses, and is placed amongst
the rushes that grow in moist and boggy localities. They
line this structure thickly with down and feathers. The
nest is largo.

The eggs vary in number, but are generally about
eleven, though they range from eight to fifteen. They are
dirty-white, tinged with buff.

Teal are somewhat gregarious, although the males
generally form small parties towards the close of autumn,
before the young have left the females. They also gene-
rally travel in flocks, and, like all ducks, with their heads
stretched out, and generally ranged in a triangle ; their
flight is strong and straight, and in the daytime is sus-
tained at a considerable elevation. When they start their
flight from the water they flap their wings upon it for
some distance, until they are able to raise themselves above
it. In alighting, also, they skim the water for some
distance.

The indigenous birds remain in the district where they
were born, and leave their resting-place soon after sunset
in search of food. During the day, however, they will
generally be found resting by the side of the water, beneath

100

FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

the shelter of some flags or rushes, with their heads beneath
the feathers of the shoulder. When in search of food,
however, they are very nimble, and run lightly upon the
boggy ground among the reeds and rushes. As is natural
with an aquatic bird, the Teal has web feet, of a brownish-
grey colour.

These birds are easily kept in confinement, and if in a
suitable position they will breed freely, and will be a source
of considerable interest, especially to the fortunate possessors
of ornamental waters, where their habits of remaining
attached to their birthplace will be an especial advantage.
Many of our readers may call to mind instances of their
presence upon the ornamental waters of our public and
other parks, whilst the Teals at the Zoological Gardens,
Regent's Park, have been especially successful.

a'3 [JAT bR/^L SIZE

THE NUTHATCH.

Siffrt eitropatn.

LTHOUGH pretty in pin-
mage, still more is the Nut-
hatch interesting in its
habits. Being very nearly
allied to the Woodpecker
tribe, it has also very many
habits, tricks, and manners
different from those birds,
especially in its food and
the manner of obtaining it,
as also a peculiarity in plas-
tering up the aperture to
its nest. This bird received
especial notice from the
Rev. Gilbert White, he hav-
ing mentioned it as many
as four times in that en-
chanting work of his, the
« History of Selborne." His
first notice of it is in re-
ference to the manner in
which it obtains the kernel
from out the nut. In that
locality it was known as the
" Jar Bird ;" but it has also

102 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

the local names of <( Woodcracker " and " Nut jobber,"
and (having' reference to its nest) it is very frequently
known as the " Mudstopper/'

The whole of the upper part of the Nuthatch is of a
pretty slate-grey colour ; the throat, breast, and belly are
buff, shading upon the flanks and under tail-coverts to
chesnut ; from the base of the beak, past the eye, and run-
ning to the back of the ear, is a streak of black, which,
separating the grey of the upper part from the buff of the
breast, gives character to its distinctive prettiness. The
legs and claws are light brown. The foot has three toes in
front and one behind, which are especially strong, as, in
climbing, this bird does not use its tail as does the Wood-
pecker, which bird has also a different arrangement of its
feet. The wings are short, as is also the tail, and both
a^e rounded. The white edging of the feathers of the
tail are very plainly discernible when the bird is flying.

The length of the Nuthatch is about six inches.

The male bird is considered handsomer than the female,
although it will take an experienced eye to tell the dif-
ference ; yet it will generally be found that the female has
not such bright chesnut brown upon the flanks.

These birds generally associate in couples (which is one
of the peculiarities, too, of the Woodpecker tribe), and are
also somewhat (f local " in their choice of a home. They
usually affect woods, plantations, and parks, especially if
the latter have fine old oak or other forest trees ; yet it
cannot be said that the Nuthatch is a scarce bird.

Their food is principally composed of nuts, but they
also eat corn and grain, acorns and beech-nuts, whilst
(possibly as a corrective to so much vegetable food) they
will at times feed upon beetles, caterpillars, and other

THE NUTHATCH. l()o

insects and their larvae. The manner in which they obtain
the kernel of the nut is very interesting. When a nut has
been obtained,, it is placed in a crevice of the bark of a
tree, or in a crack or slit of a paling1 or gate-post, and by
continuous knockings with its hard bill, by dint of perse-
verance the most stubborn shell is at length broken and
the contents extracted. They, like squirrels, often lay up
a stock of nuts for a possible " rainy day ;" and if nuts be
placed in suitable positions near their haunts, Nuthatches
will often find them out, break the shells, and eat them.
It is during this operation that they make the peculiar
rapping noise that has so often attracted attention. The
stroke of their bills against the hard shell of the nut can be
heard upwards of two hundred yards away.

The nest of the Nuthatch is placed in a hole in a tree or
old stump, and even at times in a hay-rick. The nest is
not very artistic ; but if the hole by which it is approached
be too large, these birds will, with most exemplary patience,
build it up with mud or clay, after the manner of House
Martens, until they leave just sufficient room for the pur-
pose of ingress and egress. The nest proper is built of dry
leaves, moss, bits of bark and wood, and sometimes a few
dry bents of grass. The eggs vary in number from five to
nine, and are of an oval form, greyish-white in colour, but
spotted, and even at times much blotched, with reddish-
brown. The young resemble their parents, but are not so
handsome.

The song of the Nuthatch is but slight, yet plaintive,
and only to be heard during breeding-time ; its call-note,
which is often repeated, resembles the phrase "Whit-
whit-whit."

Although undulating, the flight of these birds, possibly

104

FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

in consequence of the formation of the wings and tail, is
somewhat heavy ; and they seldom will be found to take a
more extended night than from tree to tree.

There is scarcely an aviary more interesting than one
containing a Nuthatch , some Tits, and a Woodpecker. By
their unflagging motions — now creeping up, now crawling
down, the sides of the aviary — by their peculiar manner of
taking their food, and by their interesting vivacity, especi-
ally in the matter of stealing the nuts that the Nuthatch
has cracked, these birds will repay any one who may bo
fond of bird pets.

THE BLACKBIRD.

Turdus mcrtda.

NOWN in various parts of the
country by the names of
"Merle" and " Ousel" (al-
though now somewhat obso-
lete) , the Blackbird was thus
concisely described by Shak-
speare, i.e. —

" The woosel cock so black of hue,
With orange tawny bill."

The plumage of the male
Blackbird is of an uniform
deep black, not radiant, as in
the Raven, although it is cer-
tainly a little more brilliant
in spring-time. The beak of
the adult bird is of a rich
yellow; the eyelids, too, are
of the same hue. The
plumage of the female is
blackish-brown, lighter upon
the throat and breast, which
latter is tinged with rust
colour, and the beak is much
duller, becoming partially
yellow in the breeding season.

14

106 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

This bird is known almost as well as the Thrush, its
sombre plumage and yellow beak possibly attracting the
attention of observers. If disturbed, it has a pecu-
liar habit, much more marked than in the Thrush, of
lying close in the hedgerow or other cover; but imme-
diately the danger has passed will rise suddenly, uttering
a frightened sort of screaming clatter, and hurry off with
a low flight to some more safe retreat. The general
flight of the bird is, however, somewhat heavy and
low, but at the migratory period is sustained at a con-
siderable height.

Our subject is not a gregarious bird, seldom more
than a pair being seen in close proximity ; indeed, it is the
rule for them to keep separate. They generally frequent
hedgerows, copses, thickets, and furze, but may be often
found in thick shrubberies, and also in gardens. It is in
various positions, too, that they build their nests ; some-
times it will be placed in a garden or in a tree at some
height from the ground, yet it is generally found in a
hedgerow, especially if bordering upon a copse or wood;
they will even breed upon the stump of a tree or upon the
ground. Large faggot-stacks, too, are often chosen. They
will at times build near to dwelling-places, and, as there
is at such season but little vegetation, the nest is con-
sequently much exposed.

The nest is built early in the spring, and is formed
of an outer shell of coarse roots and grasses, with the
mud still adhering, and as this dries it forms a strong
foundation ; it is lined inside with finer grasses and roots.
The eggs are four or five in number.

Very many instances have been recorded of the devo-
tion of Blackbirds to their young, sometimes even cats

THE BLACKBIRD. 107

having been successfully assailed. The parents are very
attentive to their offspring-, and feed them with exemplary
patience.

The plumage of the young whilst in the nest shows
almost as much difference as that of the parents. They
are blackish-brown on the upper parts, each feather being
streaked with reddish-brown in the centre, the male being
darker than the female; the under parts are a light
reddish-brown tipped with dark spots, which are clearer in
the males; the males, too, having blackish-brown wings
and tail, whilst the female's are of a lighter brown. The
young do not obtain the rich yellow beak until the suc-
ceeding spring; before then it is brown. The female's
beak may possibly become a brighter yellow with age, and
it may be that the same will happen if she be kept in a
cage.

The food of the Blackbird consists chiefly of worms,
slugs, caterpillars, beetles, or any such-like insects. It is
therefore a great help to the gardener and husbandman,
but it is also very fond of fruit, and will create great
havoc amongst currants, cherries, strawberries, goose-
berries, and even apples. The blackberry, too, furnishes
the Blackbird with many a meal, and in winter they
will also feed upon hawthorn berries. The young are fed
upon a very similar diet to that of the parent birds.

The song of the Blackbird is somewhat similar to that
of the Thrush, not in tone so much as in style and execu-
tion; though the Blackbird's is not so brilliant or per-
sistent, yet it is possessed of some full, flute-like notes that
almost rival the tones of the nightingale. This beautiful
song is generally delivered in the morning and evening,
although it may be heard throughout the daytime.

108 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

A shower seems to have an effectual influence upon the
song, inasmuch as it is then that generally the most beau-
tiful notes may be heard pealing- forth in the summer
twilight.

Although this bird continues in England the whole of
the year, it is still partially migratory, many of them
arriving in the South whenever the snow has deprived
them of the means of living in the North.

The Blackbird may be kept in a cage, which should be
of willow-work, and large ; when with attention — which he
will amply reward with his splendid song — he will do well,
except for being apt to break his feathers. It is not quite
advisable to place him in an aviary, as he possesses a
domineering disposition, and being a large bird — its length
being about ten inches — it may become dangerous to the
smaller birds; besides eating more than its share of food.

C p E/KT T1 T

"SJTURvL SIZE)

THE GEE AT TIT.

Pants major.

ARGEST of its tribe, this bird is
both handsome and interesting.
Though much more common
than is supposed, since it
generally frequents wooded
districts, it is very apt to
escape the eyes of casual ob-
servers. When seen, however,
its very handsome appearance
and sprightly habits at once
attract attention. The plu-
mage of the adult male es-
pecially is very striking, the top
of the head being purple-black;
the cheeks and ear-coverts
white, the back, shoulders, and
most of the upper part
greenish ash-colour, the wings
bluish-black edged with white,
especially the lesser wing-
coverts, which latter form a
bar ; the tail is also bluish-
black ; the chin and throat are
black, which colour unites with
that upon the back of the head,

110 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

and runs down the chest along the breast-bone to the
under parts ; on either side the breast and flanks are dull
sulphur-yellow. The female is not so handsome, and
the bluish tint upon the head is not so bright, which also
applies to general plumage.

This species has an intermediate beak between the
finches and warblers, being strong, short, sharp-pointed,
and hard. They are therefore able to feed very variously,
although they are more truly insectivorous, and may be
seen searching the leaves of trees in quest of insects or
their eggs, and will run up and along branches, capturing
those insects that have taken refuse in the bark. In

w

their search they are most indefatigable, hanging to the
leaves and branches, calling to one another meanwhile ; for
although not extremely gregarious, they generally feed in
parties of seven or eight, and will often visit hedgerows
and gardens, orchards and thickets. In winter, too, they
visit towns, and may then be often heard uttering their
querulous little call. These birds, however, do not disdain
to feed upon all kinds of grain, and will even steal the
Indian corn thrown down in the woods by the gamekeepers
for pheasants ; they are also very fond of sunflower seeds,
and may often be seen in town gardens feeding off them.
They hold their food in their feet, and break it up by
repeated blows of their hard, sharp beak. Some have been
observed to visit beehives, and tap at the hive until a bee
comes out and is captured ; the bird then flies off, possibly
for fear of the indignation of the rest of the hive, to some
neighbouring tree or shrub, where it may be seen quietly
eating it whilst holding the carcase in the claw. This
manceuvre will be repeated many times, to the dismay
of the owners.

THE GREAT TIT, 111

The bird is also known as the Titmouse, and again as the
Oxeye, and generally builds its nest in a hole in the stump of
a tree or wall, although very erratic in its choice, instances
having occurred of their building in a water-can or some
such receptacle that is capable of being removed. The
nest, which is built somewhat early in spring, is formed of
moss, lined with hair and feathers, and, in the case of a
large cavity being selected, a great mass of materials are
gathered together. The eggs vary greatly in number,
usually from six to nine ; they are white in colour, but
are largely spotted and speckled with pale red. As
there is generally a large nest of young, extra food must
necessarily be found by the parent birds, and since this
consists mostly of insects, the Great Tit, at such times
especially, is of great service to the gardener and farmer.
The plumage of the young is somewhat similar to that of
the parents, but duller in colour.

The flight is much stronger than would be imagined,
although they seldom put it to the test, being bold birds,
and, if disturbed, generally contenting themselves with
flying from tree to tree. That is also their usual mode of
progression, each tree being in their course diligently
searched for insects, &c.

The song of the Great Tit is not unlike that of the
Wryneck, but is most nearly represented by the phrase
" pinker, pinker/' several times repeated in a clear, pealing
tone. This song is uttered again and again as the bird
proceeds from tree to tree, and is repeated by its com-
rades in answer. They may be heard very early in the
spring, long before the leaves are upon the trees.

As before mentioned, this bird is common in almost all
the wooded and inclosed districts of England and Wales,

112 FAMILIAR WILD

as also Ireland and Scotland. The whole of Europe is its
habitat, and it will even be fouud in the extreme North.

The Great Tit is very fond of fat or suet, and in-
genious people may often derive considerable amusement
by hanging- some to the bough of a tree, especially in
winter, when the birds frequent towns ; for the Tits will
clutch the suet with their feet, and, if given string-
enough, will swing around after the manner of a roasting-
jack. These visits will be repeated day after day, be-
coming in time a regular institution.

If required for the aviary it is much better to get the
birds from the nest and rear them by hand, as they may
then become more sociable j but if taken when adult they
are very often apt to become dangerous, and will even
attack birds much larger than themselves, and, by
repeated blows of their sharp little beaks, break open their
victims' heads and eat their brains. If, however, a
separate cage or, better still, a small aviary be available,
Titmice will amply repay the trouble of keeping, being
very handsome, and especially lively and interesting.

^r «

1 >^!

SE/\ CIJLL

THE COMMON GULL.

Larus canus.

THOUGH termed the " Com-
mon " Gull, this species is
not more common than the
Herring1 and Blackbeaded
Gulls, and may have been by
many associated with those
birds in the common appella-
tion " Gull."

Gulls are amongst the
prettiest adjuncts to a sea-side
watering-place ; yet many
thoughtless visitors will make
so-called sport in the wilful
shooting of these handsome

O

birds. But to see them fly-
ing around, or skimming the
water whilst in pursuit of
food, uttering their squealing
cry to one another meanwhile,
with possibly a shoal of fish
beneath and a lovely sky
above, is one of the most in-
teresting sights to be seen
at the " sea-side."

Their flight is heavy, yet

15

114 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

capable of very considerable extension, as these birds fly
many miles whilst in pursuit of their food. This they take
in an ingenious manner, almost settling upon the water in
order to secure it.

When resting after a long flight, or under any other
circumstances, they will sleep upon the water. Whilst
swimming they seem to place ordinary waves and breakers
at defiance, and though seemingly unconcerned, manage
at such times to ride or fly over them.

The Common Gull frequents the whole of the coast
of the British Isles, and may be found, together with the
other Gulls, upon the coast of Cornwall, around Portland
Bill, Beachy Head, and the other cliffs of the south coast,
off Mersey Island, in Essex, around the east coast to the
" Bass " Rock, along the shores of Pentland, and, indeed,
more or less throughout the coasts.

But these Gulls, unlike many of their tribe, will also be
found inland. They will even follow the plough, in quest of
the worms and grubs turned up by it. They will also follow
the course of rivers for many miles. Sometimes a flock of
them may be seen in meadows or grass lands after the
manner of rooks, the rear ones flying over the rest of the
flock as the ground becomes thoroughly searched, until they
work from one end of the field to the other. Their beau-
tiful grey and white plumage at such times forms a re-
markable contrast to the green grass, and is altogether an
interesting and beautiful sight.

These birds are gregarious, living generally in such
localities as afford convenient feeding-grounds and nesting-
places. These latter, however, are very erratic, as they are
sometimes situated in chalk and other cliffs or rocks, and
again upon flat marshy grounds. The nest is built chiefly

THE COMMON GULL. 115

of sticks, seaweed, and grass, and is a somewhat large one,
in comparison with the size of the bird. The eggs are but
two or three in number, of a dark olive-brown, blotched
and spotted with black and darker brown.

The young differ materially from the aged birds, the
plumage altering with age. The head and neck of the bird
of the year is dull white, mottled with greyish-brown ; the
wings and back are brownish-ash colour, mottled by the
feathers being edged with a paler brown, whilst a few
bluish-grey feathers may sometimes be found upon the
back ; the longer feathers of the wing are brown ; the tail
is white, the feathers having the outer half brown ; the
chin and throat are white ; the breast and under parts are
also white, much mottled with light ash-brown. At this
period they are often termed " Grey Gulls/' By succes-
sive moultings, however, this plumage materially alters,
the bird depicted in the plate being a partially-moulted
one, showing some of the young feathers upon the shoulders,
which would, however, vanish with age, until the plumage
of the bird becomes a beautiful bluish-grey and white. In
winter, however, the head and the sides of the neck, which
are white in summer, become spotted with dusky ash -brown.
In consequence of these many varieties of plumage, Com-
mon Gulls are somewhat like the coffee-plant, and may be
seen at the same season in all these various featherings, for
they generally feed together, their call-note (which sounds
like " squeel ") being the signal for them to gather, and
generally to fight over the possession of any food that
attracts them. Their food is principally fish and offal,
or any garbage that may be found floating upon the sea.
When they fly inland, which is often at a considerable
height, their food is generally worms, grubs, and slugs,

116 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

and they will even feed upon grain, some that were kept
with clipped wings having been induced to feed mainly
upon it. When upon the marshy inland districts,, however,
worms and slugs are their most general food.

Their flight, though strong and capable of being sus-
tained for an immense distance, is dull and heavy, except
when they swoop down upon some object of food upon the
water; their wings, however, are exceptionally long, in
comparison to the size of their bodies.

If kept with clipped wings and allowed the freedom of
the lawn and garden, a Gull is a " thing of beauty" which
would always be attractive, and being so easily fed will
not occasion any trouble ; besides which, they will also
become very tame.

GF(EEH WOODPECKER
SIZE)

THE GREEIV WOODPECKER.

Picus viridis.

ARGEST of the tribe, this bird
is also extremely handsome, few
British birds being able to rival
the gorgeous colour of its plu-
mage. Although green is the
prevailing tint, yet that colour
shades off to yellow towards the
upper part of the tail. Upon the
top of the head is a brilliant
crimson, the feathers being black,
tipped with red, forming a slight
pencilling. These feathers some-
times assume the form of a partial
crest. From the base of the beak
to the back of the eye is black,
and down each side of the throat,
forming a kind of moustache,
runs a crimson streak, bordered
with black. The outer wing-
feathers are barred with greyish-
black and squares of buff. The
hen may be distinguished from
the male by the fact that she
does not possess the crimson

118 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

moustache. The ordinary length of the bird is about
thirteen inches. It naturally prefers parks and old
timbered woods, as such places afford the most plentiful
supply of food.

It is known by a variety of names, most of which,
however, are entirely local. Amongst others, it is perhaps
most generally known as the Popinjay and Awl Bird;
yet it is also known by the names of " Rain " bird
and " Tongue " bird, whilst in the south it is com-
monly termed the " Yaffle/' or « Gaily " bird. It is
found throughout England, and also upon the Continent.

The flight of the Woodpecker is undulating, and yet
somewhat heavy ; usually only extended from tree to
tree. It will alight at the base and ascend the trunk

O

spirally, clinging with its feet to the bark, and sup-
porting itself with its tail, searching the bark and
leaves for insects meanwhile. The descent of the tree
is accomplished in a backward manner. The tail,
which is especially strong and wiry, is used both in the
ascent and descent.

In order to obtain the insects secreted in the crevices
of the bark, the Woodpecker is provided with a most
wonderful tongue, some inches in length, very prehensile,
of a silvery appearance. When in search of food,
this organ is protruded with marvellous celerity, and,
being covered with a glutinous substance, it invariably
secures the object aimed at; it is then as quickly with-
drawn, with the food adhering.

The beak is wedge-shaped, long and strong, and used
by the bird to tap at the bark in order to induce the
insects to emerge from their retreat. The eye is clear
and white.

THE GREEN WOODPECKER. 119

The Woodpecker can hardly be said to build a nest,
and yet it takes an immense amount of trouble in pre-
paring a site wherein to deposit the eggs. This is in a
hole made by the birds by continuous chipping with their
beaks in an old tree, and the chips of wood broken off
by the birds in the operation are said to be carried some
distance, in order that the hole may escape detection.
The entrance is small, but a larger cavity is scooped out
in the tree, and upon some of the dry chips of wood
the eggs are deposited. These are usually from five to
six in number, pure white in colour, and so transparent
that the yolk is visible.

The young are fed upon the same insect food as the
adults. They will leave the nest before they can fly,
and run upon the branches of the tree.

The young are not so brilliantly arrayed as the adult
birds, and the crimson of the moustache and upon the
head is much fainter. The black, too, is marred by
feathers tinged with greyish -white, whilst the breast
from the chin is much lighter, and the green generally
not so bright ; the plumage having somewhat of a speckled
appearance.

The Green Woodpecker can be found in England
throughout the year, generally singly or in pairs; for
it is strictly non-gregarious, and pursues its avocation
in a quiet manner, except for the noise made by the
beak tapping upon the bark. Yet, as many of our readers
may remember, the Woodpecker is possessed of one of the
most peculiar songs to be found; indeed, it is generally
spoken of as a "laugh/"' and is very variously interpreted.
Morris speaks of it as " glou, glou, glou, gluck ! " but to
our ears it sounds more like "yaffa, yaffa, yaffle ! " which

120 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

may account for its southern name of "Yaffle.1" This
song is uttered in an abrupt manner, and, when heard
in the quiet seclusion of a park, surrounded by noble
old " monarchs of the wood/' it has a peculiarly startling
effect.

The feet of the Woodpecker are especially adapted
for climbing ; they are strong, dark-coloured, and the toes
are roughened beneath, whilst the claws are strong and
much hooked. The arrangement of the toes is also
peculiar, as there are two in front and two behind.

If obtained when young, this bird will live well in
an aviary or large cage. It is perhaps not advisable to
place it in an ordinary aviary, as its size and habits may
frighten the smaller birds. If a separate one, or one
inhabited by Tits or a Nuthatch, be available, the peculiar
habits, song or " laugh/' and the peculiar tongue — which
has the appearance of a streak of white silk or molten
silver — of the Woodpecker, will amply repay all trouble.

SIZE)

THE KINGFISHER.

Alcedo ispida.

1THOUT doubt this is the
most brilliantly beautiful of
all British birds ; in fact, it
can vie in the brilliancy of
its plumage with most of
the much-admired, highly-
coloured, but generally song-
less foreign birds. It seems
to be a peculiarity of the bird-
world that the song dete-
riorates in proportion to the
beauty of the plumage ; for
although the Kingfisher is
our most orientally-coloured
bird, its song is nothing to
speak of.

Yet those who have seen
it skimming the river, flying
along like a streak of coloured
light, under the archways of
rivers and streams, with a
rapid, straight flight, can well
understand the reason of its
being classified amona: the
" Halcyonidse." •

16

122 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

Many have been the notices from poets of this beauti-
fully-plumaged bird, Shakespeare having many references
to the " Halcyon " ; more especially as these birds were not
only imagined to be able to determine the weather, but in
case of storm or tempest were supposed to have a quelling
influence over them. We are afraid it is vice versa, and
that (as with King Canute) the flooded river would not
heed the Kingfisher, but would, doubtless, wreck the King-
fi sher's nest.

The length of the Kingfisher is about seven inches.
The plumage may be thus described : From the crown
of the head, down the neck, and the whole of the upper
part, the wings, and tail, are of a brilliant green, shading
from olive to iridescent emerald and blue ; from the beak
across the eye is a patch of rufous, which becomes white
below the ear-coverts; from the base of the beak runs a
streak of the above-mentioned glossy green, which meets
that upon the wing-coverts. The chin and throat are
yellowish-white; the breast and under parts are rufous,
deepening in colour as it proceeds towards the tail. The
feet are pink and small. The tail is short ; but the beak is
long and straight. The plumage is much brighter during
the breeding season. The female may be distinguished by
her duller hues, and from the bill not being so long.

The nest has always been a source of wonder to orni-
thologists. It is generally placed in some hole in a bank
overhanging a stream, but sornetimes placed away from
water ; a favourite position is a hole in the bank of some
river or stream which has been undermined by the action of
the waters, and so affording a somewhat safer retreat from
the depredations of the rats that frequent such places.
The nest, -too, is very peculiar. It would appear to be

THE KINGFISHER. 123

composed of the bones of: the fish captured by the birds.
Some naturalists have said that these bones are " cast "
up by the birds, and that the nest is made upon this
accumulation. It is generally well hidden, and, ex-
cept for the rats, the Kingfisher, being so beautiful, need
fear few foes ; it was, however, a favourite ' ' sport " of
some possessed of a gun, some years ago, to kill these
beautiful birds ; and as they fly straight they are easily
marked. Yet there are few things more interesting than
to watch one of them whilst fishing. Many an Oxford
man has seen these birds along the Cherwell, skimming
the water under Magdalen Bridge, or, having drifted
noiselessly in his boat with the stream, has seen them
seated upon an overhanging bough, watching the water
with anxious eye until the long-wished-for prey appears.
The Kingfisher then darts down, even swifter than a gull,
secures its prey, and by its buoyancy regains the use of
its wings, and flies off with the prize to its nest, if it
be possessed of one, otherwise returning to its " post of
vantage."

The general abode of the Kingfisher is near rivers, lakes,
streams, brooks, ponds, and ditches, or indeed wherever
food may be found. This food consists principally of small
fish, such as minnows, sticklebacks, or any such-like smaller
species of fish, water-beetles, and leeches. These are taken
with the beak ; and the object aimed at is seldom missed.

They are very pugnacious, and, consequently, lead a
solitary life. Their pugnacity may be one of the reasons of
their partial migration, which takes place often from one
district to another ; want of food, however, is doubtless the
prime reason, more particularly in winter, when they have to
find an unfrozen stream. They will, however, during frosts

124 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

frequent the mouths of rivers, and even as far as to the sea-
shore.

The eggs of the King-fisher are pure white, and generally
from five to six in number. The plumage of the young is
similar to that of the adult birds, but, of course, not so
bright.

The call is but a shrill pipe, or squeal.

Kingfishers may be kept in an aviary, provided proper
food is given, putting birds caught young at first upon
small fish, and gradually substituting fresh beef chopped
small and hard-boiled egg. It is not advisable to have more
than a proper pair, on account of their very pugnacious
habits. It is needless to say that if a little water be in-
troduced into the aviary, and small fish be given, it is
possible to make the Kingfisher one of the most beautiful
and interesting of the inhabitants.

IVIOOR 4 E

THE MOOR, OR WATER HEN.

Gallinula chloropus.
Fulica

HIS bird is, in certain localities,
to be found in considerable
numbers, and is generally well
known throughout England.
It is known in many localities
as the Water Hen, and has also
some other local names that
are now obsolete.

Although dubbed "Moor"-
hen, these birds will be more
generally found frequenting
the sides of rivers, streams,
lakes, ponds, and such moats
or ditches as supply food,
or the protection of rushes,
reeds, or sedge, and again even
osiers and brushwood. There-
fore it is that these birds
prefer slow rivers, or those
that may be dammed up by
" lashers'" or locked, and where
reeds and rushes abound.

It is extremely interesting
to watch the facility with

126 FAMILIAR WILD BIEDS.

which it will thread its way between the flags and
rushes that grow upon the sides of the waters, or through
those banks of rushes that may be found growing in some
"still "" rivers and streams.

Yet the Moor-hen is not web-footed. It can, however,
swim and dive with the utmost celerity. If disturbed, it
will at times dive beneath the water, and there continue
for some considerable time, rising in an unexpected position
for the purpose of breathing, when only the beak and head
are exposed.

Its flight is usually low, and when alighting upon
the water it skims it with its legs for some considerable
distance, leaving a streak of bubbles upon the otherwise
undisturbed surface. The same circumstance in a much
lesser degree occurs when taking to flight from the water.

It is not a shy bird, and will often live in close proximity
to the usual haunts of men ; even the terror of a railway
train fails to drive it from the ponds and streams that
skirt the line. When a number are disturbed, they do not
all take to flight in a flock, but one will first leave the
rushes, then another or perhaps two, and so in a dis-
connected series they will fly to a safe retreat.

The plumage of the Moor-hen, when seen skimming the
water, appears to be black and white; but upon closer
inspection many more hues are apparent. The beak or bill
is dark greenish-yellow, but bright red at the base, which
colour runs up the forehead; and both are brighter in
spring-time. The head, neck, and breast are deep blackish
purple-gray, with a slight slate-gray tinge upon the throat
and breast; the under part has the feathers margined
with dull grayish-white ; beneath the wings the feathers
are streaked with white (in spring slightly glossed with

THE MOOR, OR WATER HEN. 127

green) ; the back is very dark brown, approaching to
black, but bearing (especially in spring) a tinge of olive.
The tail is short and rounded ; the under tail-coverts are
white, which, with a few white feathers upon the wings,
and sometimes upon the thighs, are very perceptible when
the bird takes night. There is little difference in the
female's plumage, except that she has not so much red
upon the bill.

The legs of these birds are green, with a sort of red
garter above their knees, which is less bright in the
female. The young are clothed in a black down, and their
plumage at first appears almost black.

The food of these birds consists of certain food that may
be found upon or near the waters they frequent. They
may be often seen swimming along, feeding, with a nod-
ding motion of the head, first on one side and then on the
other, upon the vegetable substances floating upon the
water, though their general food is aquatic plants and small
fishes, or insects, worms, and slugs, for which latter they
will leave the river and search the neighbouring meadows.

Although somewhat loudly uttered, the only note pos-
sessed by the bird is a sort of chirping cry, or rather " call
note." That of the young, also, sounds like a chirp, or
may be described as " chip-chip."

Moor-hens build their nests generally amid the flags,
reeds, and rushes that border their rivers, streams, &c. ; yet
they will build upon the banks, and again — suspended upon
the reeds at very various heights — a large nest, loosely con-
structed of reeds, flags, and smaller reeds and grasses, and
built in a flat, open manner, so that it is almost possible
from a high overhanging bank to see its contents; yet a
Moor-hen can seldom be found sitting upon her nest, as she

128 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

seems to slip off noiselessly into the water, and probably
dives until danger is past. Many anecdotes are related of
their ingenuity in escaping a rising of the waters if they
should have built their nest too close to the water's edge.

There are usually about seven or eight eggs, of a reddish-
white colour, spotted and speckled thinly with orange
brown. Incubation lasts about three weeks.

The young leave the nest as soon as hatched.

Moor-hens have a sort of partial, or rather local, migra-
tion, which would appear to be caused by the necessity of
their food, or because of their desire for open water. They
are somewhat gregarious, a suitable abode naturally at-
tracting many birds ; but they will not be seen in flocks.

Their natural fearlessness makes them quite at home in
a suitable aviary, where they will become very tame.

SIZE)

THE NIGHTINGALE.

17

Sylvia lusc'mia.
Motacilla ,,
Philomela ,

O bird has had so many tributes
paid to it, both by poets and
prose writers, as this altogether-
unequalled songster. Its voice is
unrivalled. The Blackcap, Lark,
Blackbird, Thrush, and Robin, all
fail to approach this " Queen of
Song."

Yet few who have read of the
wonderful power of voice that
belongs to the Nightingales may
have had the exquisite pleasure of
hearing one of their delicious
vocal contests ; for it is when, in
a still June night, Nightingale
answers to Nightingale, and all
the power of their combination of
sweet sounds is put forth, that
the entrancing influence of the
song of the Nightingale is most
deeply felt. Once heard, it is
never forgotten, be it the plaintive
long-drawn-out "Wheet, wheet,
wheet ! " or the mellow u Jug,

130 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

jug, jug ! " or any of the other numerous and not- to-be-
described phrases contained in the repertory of this beautiful
singer.

Although possessing so sweet a voice, the plumage of
the Nightingale is very plain, although its form is graceful .
The whole upper part of the bird is rich chestnut-brown,
slightly brighter upon the wings ; the tail, which is rather
long and rounded, is of a reddish-brown ; the breast is dull
whitish-grey, somewhat tinged with brown ; the throat and
under part are pale whitish-grey.

The female is with difficulty distinguished from the
male, although she may possibly be smaller, and her eye
not quite so large and bold. Some say that her throat is
lighter.

The young birds are clad in somewhat similar plumage
to young Robins, inasmuch as the brown is lighter than
that of the adult birds, and the feathers being tipped with
buff they have a mottled appearance.

The Nightingale arrives in England about the early
part of April, the males preceding the females by about a
week, or, at times, even a fortnight. As a rule they fly
to their old retreats, although at times they will desert
them, even for years, and then return again in augmented
numbers. At this time the males continually sing, possibly
with the intention of attracting a mate.

The usual haunts of the Nightingale are groves, small
shady copses, plantations, woods, quiet gardens, and thick
hedgerows, especially where a little thicket has been
allowed to grow j and from these retreats, more particularly
whilst building the nest, the beautiful song of the
Nightingale is delivered both by day and night.

The nest is placed in a hollow of the ground, or in the

THE NIGHTINGALE. 131

roots or stump of a tree,, or towards the bottom of a hedge-
row. It is built of various materials, including leaves, dry
grass-stalks, and bits of bark and fibrous roots, loosely
constructed, but lined with finer grasses and horse-hair.

The eggs are generally five in number, and of an olive-
green colour.

The food of the Nightingale is almost entirely insect-
ivorous, as it comprises such insects as caterpillars, beetles,
moths and flies, small worms, and the larvae of ants. Some
birds also eat fruit, such as elderberries and currants.

The food of the young whilst in the nest is principally
composed of small green caterpillars and worms.

Although Nightingales affect certain districts, where
many pairs may be found, they notwithstanding keep
almost strictly in pairs ; and if by chance they meet, they
will invariably fight, after the tiianner of Robins. Even the
spirit of their song is at times uttered as if in a tone of
acute rivalry, though as a rule it is one impassioned love-
story, poured out on behalf of the mate who is so patiently
attending to the duties of incubation.

Before leaving England, which happens in July and
August, both the young and adult birds moult, but the
young ones only partially, as they retain their wing and tail
feathers. The song, too, of the adult bird ceases in a
great degree some time in June, as soon as the nesting
operations are over ; yet these latter are often delayed if
the first nest is taken or destroyed. The call-note of the
bird is varied, sometimes being " Purr, purr ! " and again
a sort of " Wheet ! " uttered somewhat sharply.

The flight is somewhat short, though also capable of
much further extension; and is generally from bush to
bush, as these birds seldom stray from their usual haunts.

132

FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

The migration is usually at night, which peculiarity
may account in a great degree for their nocturnal singing,
especially as the males would thereby attract the later-
arriving females.

Some naturalists have gone so far as to imagine that
the day-singers were distinct from the nocturnal ones, and
others that the parent birds took turns in sitting upon the
eggs, and that it was the female whose voice so enchanted
their ears in the stillness of evening ; but both these ideas
are now exploded.

With care and a sufficiency of proper food a Nightin-
gale may be kept in an aviary, but better still in a proper
cage. They are very delicate, and will require some artifi-
cial heat during winter.

L/\pWlf\JG

SUE)

THE LAPWING.

Vanellus cristatus.
Tringa vanelhis.

NOWN by the name of Peewit
in many parts of the country
(possibly from its cry), and
again as the Green Plover, or,
from its crest, as the Crested
Lapwing, this bird is known
undoubtedly to most people
from the fact that its eggs
are a favourite delicacy with
gourmets.

The Lapwing itself is also
a very nice-eating bird ; and
from these two facts it is to
be imagined that the Plover
has what the Americans would
call " a bad time."

They have, however, also
established a name that is not
unrivalled by the Partridge or
the Dove, in respect of the
devotion that they show to
their nest or young. When
disturbed upon the nest, the
parent bird runs a considerable

134 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

distance before it rises, with the intention of leading the
intruder from the proximity of its nest. They then fly
around, uttering their cry of " peewit/' watching if mis-
fortune happen to their nest. From this reason it is some-
what more easy to discover their nesting-place, if people
have watched their habits minutely. They will also feign
to be wounded, and will flutter along as if with a broken
wing.

The young run directly they are hatched, but upon the
approach of danger will squat still until the parent bird
has lured the intruder away.

The flight of the Lapwing may have given rise to its
name, as they fly heavily, though at times at a considerable
height, and with a dull, heavy flapping of the wings.

The Lapwing is a common bird, and may be generally
found to frequent open places, such as heaths, commons,
marshy grounds, and fallow lands, sometimes affecting
those that have been drained, frequenting the sides of the
drains, in search possibly of food, and also the fields that
have been undrained and neglected.

In consequence of the demand for Plovers' eggs, the
fields and places that they frequent are hunted over, as it
were, by those engaged in the trade, the eggs collected and
forwarded to their destination, in spite of the efforts of the
birds to lure the intruders from detection of their nests.

The nest is generally but a small structure, made of
a few bits of grass, heath, or rushes ; and at times no nest
is attempted, but the eggs are laid in a slight depression
of the ground, either upon a heath or common or in fallow
land.

The eggs are usually four in number, of a deep olive-
green colour, blotted and spotted in an irregular manner

THE LAPW1XG. 135

with dark brownish-black. They are reported to be placed
closely in the nest, with the narrow ends pointing inwards.

As before mentioned, the young will run as soon as
hatched, and are covered with down, which makes them
appear very pretty, but they cannot fly until they are fully
grown. The adult birds are really very handsome, as may
be imagined from the plate. The feathers upon the head
are black, glossed with green, and considerably elongated,
so as to form a very pretty upward-turned crest. From
the beak to the eye, and passing over it, is a streak of
white, sometimes spotted with black or brown ; down the
throat and upon the breast glossy black ; and a streak of
the same colour runs from the base of the beak under the
eye to the nape of the neck ; the back and wings are olive-
green, the latter being shaded with brown and purple ; the
sides and back of the neck are white, shaded with buff ;
the under parts are white, deepening to pale brown towards
the tail. This latter is white, deeply tipped with black.

The female very much resembles the male, but the crest
(which is formed of six or seven feathers having an upward
tendency) is not so long, and she is not quite so brilliant
in her plumage as her mate ; the black band, too, across
the face — from the base of the beak, and under the eye
to the back of the head — is duller, and, indeed, may be
termed deep brown. The young very much resemble their
parents, but are not so handsome, and also have a shorter
crest.

As may be imagined from the districts it frequents,
the food of the Lapwing consists principally of worms,
slugs, and such other insects as it may find in marshy
or fallow lands; but ifc also eats grain and seeds. They
very often feed at night, when the worms quit their holes

136

FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

— generally upon clear nights, or during "evening's
twilight/'

When storms occur, or under certain other circum-
stances, climatic or otherwise, they will assemble in flocks,
wheeling around, uttering their wailing cry of "peewit,
peewit/' They also collect in large flocks in the autumn.

They can hardly be called migratory birds, although
they often make considerable changes in the localities they
affect. This may be for reasons of food. They, however,
spread over the country in the succeeding spring, and per-
form their duties of incubation as already described.

The Lapwing may be kept easily in a garden or enclo-
sure ; and in the former it is really of great service, as it
will destroy the worms and slugs, or such-like insects, that
infest gardens ; and, besides, they are somewhat of an
ornament, as they are handsome birds. Of course, it is
needless to say that they must have their wings clipped.

(JS rJ>\TjaAf SIZE)

THE BARN OWL.

Strix flammea.

PROMINENT position in popu-
lar superstition has been held by
this bird from time immemorial ;
for the " White/' or, as it is more
generally termed, the " Barn/'
Owl, is possessed of a peculiar
screech, which, being uttered at
night, has a particularly weird
sound, and was held, in country
districts more especially, to be a
certain indication of an approach-
ing death in the family. This
peculiar note has earned for this
bird the name of the " Screech
Owl."

Keats mentions this bird
thus : —

" St. Agnes' Eve I ah ! bitter chill it was ;
The Owl, for all his feathers, was

acold ;
The hare limp'd trembling through the

And silent was the flock in woolly
fold."

— therein pointing to the fact
that the Barn Owl remains in
England throughout the winter.

18

138 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

and likewise drawing attention to the especial closeness of its
plumage. The face of this owl has the appearance of a
mask, which is well delineated in the plate.

The plumage is very pretty. The ground colour is a
pure white, shaded upon the upper part with tawny brown,
some of the feathers being tinged with grey and tipped
with black, forming a delicate pencilling. The breast is
white, shaded with buff upon the chest. Very great
variety, however, is shown in this colouring, many speci-
mens having been obtained in which the brown so much
predominated as to lead to the idea that it was a separate
species. The female may be distinguished from her mate
by a few black spots that appear on either side of the
breast, as may be noticed in the initial engraving.

As with some other birds, age has a marked influence
upon the plumage of the Owl, as in process of time the
wings and tail become very much lighter ; and in the
case of several birds that were kept in confinement, they
gradually became almost white.

Although it is possible that other kinds may frequent
farmyards for the sake of food, yet this is the only Owl
that inhabits buildings. The favourite haunt of the
bird, as its name denotes, is in barns and such-like farm-
buildings, but they will also be found inhabiting church-
towers and the eaves of houses. Old ruins, too, are often
chosen as a place of abode ; and when once a pair of Owls
have made their home, they continue to frequent the same
spot for many years. Instances have occurred where a
pair of Owls have taken possession of a pigeon-cote,
much to the dismay and disgust of the pigeons, whose
consequent departure from their home led to the discovery
of the invaders.

THE BARN OWL. 139

The eggs are from three to five in number, of a dull-
white colour, and nearly round.

The young differ greatly in size, which would lead to
the supposition that the hen sits upon her eggs as soon
as they are laid, and therefore some of the young are
hatched from the eggs earlier than others. Being at this
time covered with a white down, they present a very in-
teresting and pretty appearance. This down adheres to
them until they are perfectly fledged.

The food of the Barn Owl consists chiefly of mice,
though young rats are often taken, and even small birds
are laid under contribution. The number of mice cap-
tured by a pair of Owls is almost incredible, but when
they have a nest of young these numbers are necessarily
greatly increased; consequently, the Owl is of great use
to the farmer in keeping down the numbers of that pro-
lific little quadruped. The flight of the Owl is dull and
heavy, but particularly noiseless. They feed at night, for
then the mice quit their holes ; and Owls may then be
seen beating around the hedgerows of meadows or small
enclosures in quest of prey. White of Selborne timed a
pair, and found that they returned to their nest with prey
of some kind about every five minutes. He proceeds to
say : " But a piece of address which they show, when
they return loaded, should not, I think, be passed over in
silence. As they take their prey with their claws, so they
carry it in their claws to their nest ; but, as the feet are
necessary in their ascent under the tiles, they constantly
perch first on the roof of the chancel, and shift the
mouse from their claws to their bill, that their feet may
be at liberty to take hold of the plate on the wall as
they are rising under the eaves."

140 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

The food is eaten — bones, feathers, and fur included
— and digested throughout the day. The peculiar form-
ation of the digestive organs, however, causes the bones,
feathers, and fur to be retained; and these are thrown
up, in the form of a pellet, during the day. These
pellets may be found near their home, and the appear-
ance of them may be generally held to denote the near
presence of a pair of Owls.

These birds are non-gregarious, seldom more than a
pair being found in the same building, unless it be some
large ruin or old tower.

In addition to the screech before alluded to, this
Owl will hiss and snore, which may have enhanced the
reason of the superstitions with regard to these birds.

Barn Owls are often kept in confinement, or with
clipped wings, and (except for the nature of their food)
make interesting pets. They will, however, at times,
necessarily require either fur or feather, so that the
digestive organs may be assisted in throwing up the
pellet.

CROSSBILL

THE CEOSSBILL.

Loxia curvirostra.

S its name denotes, the great
specialty of this bird is the
peculiar formation of its beak.
At first sight it would appear
to be unnatural and useless,
but is in reality exactly fitted
to the purpose of obtaining the
food that Nature has assigned
to the bird.

But the formation of the
beak is not the only special
feature of the Crossbill, as the
changes of plumage are re-
markable. When young, the
male birds are greenish-brown,
with a tinge of olive, the whole
being speckled with darker
brown; they are, however,
lighter upon the under parts ;
but after the first moult a red
tinge prevails, occasioned by
the tipping of the feathers
with that hue. The red is

142 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

much darker upon the upper parts. At the second moulting
these colours are lost, and the bird's plumage becomes an
olive-brown, shaded over with greenish-yellow upon the
back, though it is much lighter upon the under parts, and
is speckled with orange upon the breast and rump.

The females are, however, either grey, with a little
green on the head, breast, and rump, or else speckled in
an irregular manner with those colours.

Bechstein says (and he is a great authority) : — " If the
Crossbills are grey or speckled, they are young; if red,
they are one year old, and have just moulted ; if carmine,
they are just about to moult for the second time ; if spotted
with red and yellow, they are two years old and in full
feather. All these differences may be noted except at the
time of laying ; for as they do not make their nest at any
fixed season, so neither is their moulting regular, from
which arises the great variety in their appearance."

Therefore, the Crossbill very much resembles the Linnet
in its assumption of the red plumage ; and if kept in con-
finement, the same difference in moulting occurs. Young
Crossbills bred in aviaries never acquire the red colour, but
remain grey during the second year, or else moult to the
greenish-yellow of the more adult bird.

The general form of the Crossbill is somewhat similar
to that of the Greenfinch, but they vary in size almost as
much as in colour.

The beak is used in climbing somewhat after the manner
of Parrots.

Bechstein thus describes their nesting operations, which
take place in Northern Europe, Asia, and America : — " Its
incubation is the most remarkable of its peculiarities, for it
breeds between December and April. It builds its nest in

THE CROSSBILL. 143

the upper branches of coniferous trees, of thin pine or fir
twigs,, on which is placed a thick layer of earth moss, lined
within with the finest coral moss. The female lays three
to five greyish-white eggs, having at the thick end a circle
of reddish-brown stripes and spots. Like all Grosbeaks,
they feed their young with food disgorged from their own
crops.-"

Their food consists chiefly of fir seeds, which the
peculiar formation of the beak assists the bird greatly in
extracting from the fir-cones ; they will, however, feed
upon the ground, as well as upon the branches of the trees.
They also feed upon the seeds of the pine and alder, and
the buds and flowers of the sumach. They are very fond,
too, of the seeds of crab-apples, in extracting which their
beaks, forming saws, are put to very great use.

Their general abode is necessarily amidst the forests of
firs and pines that clothe the hills and mountains, but that
only when the cones are abundant.

About October (but they are just as erratic in their
migration as in other respects) they begin to arrive in
England from the Continent ; their numbers vary greatly,
sometimes many birds arriving, and again, even in the suc-
ceeding year, but few of them grace this island with their
presence. Their return to the Continent is quite as un-
certain, as small parties depart at different periods.

The song of the Crossbill is harsh, and has but little
melody ; but the call whilst flying from tree to tree may be
represented by " soc-soc-soc." Its general call is, how-
ever, " chip-chip-chip/''

Their flight is close and rapid, and they generally fly
together — sometimes in small parties, but at others in
larger numbers.

144 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

This bird is not very generally known in England, on
account of its short stay with us ; and except for the peculiar
formation of its beak, the many varieties of its plumage
might be a source of indecision in the minds of many
amateur ornithologists.

The Crossbills, somewhat like Parrots, are easily tame-
able, and may be kept either in a cage or aviary; their
beaks, however, are very strong, and the cage should, there-
fore,, be principally of tin and wire, as mere mahogany is
very easily torn to pieces by the birds. A spirit of
mischief, too, seems to induce them to demolish their cage
if it happens to be of wood. They are, however, some-
what hardy, and will climb about their cage with the aid
of their beak, in a manner to warrant their being called
the " European Parrot.""

EGGS AND EGG-COLLECTING.

BY R. KEARTON.

GG- COLLECTING,

in these days of re-
finement, is often
pronounced cruel ;
and it undoubtedly
is so as pursued
by some thoughtless
people, who will take
all the eggs out of
a nest without the
slightest knowledge
of their state of incu-
bation. But a very
good collection may
be made without
doing any harm to
the feathered frater-
nity : for instance,
taking one egg out
of four, when the
bird is laying, does
not at all interfere
with her bringing
forth her brood.
There is an old su-

146 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

perstition that no bird can count to more than three.
Whether this be true or not, a bird with four eggs very
often forsakes her nest after two have been taken away,
while this very rarely occurs if three remain.

' The best way to go about making a collection is to
commence in the early spring, looking for signs of birds
building their nests ; the Water Ouzel, or Dipper, breeds
early, also the Common and Mistletoe Thrush. The eggs
should be taken as soon as four appear in the nest, and
blown in the following manner, taking it for granted that
the collector is provided with a drill and blow-pipe. Drill
a small hole exactly on the side of the egg, selecting that
side of a spotted egg with the least colour. Then, with
the point of the blow-pipe inserted in the hole, blow all the
contents of the egg out, beginning to blow very gently
at first, and being careful, with small eggs, not to burst
them. When the contents are nearly emptied, wash the
egg out with clean cold water, being careful not to wet
the outside or rub it too much, or the colour will come out,
as the spots of most eggs disappear if washed, or even if
left long out in the rain. When the eggs have been blown
and properly dried, the hole should be covered up with a
piece of gummed paper, and the egg placed in a drawer with
small compartments in it, amongst cotton-wool. A label
should be placed with each egg, bearing the name and dis-
trict in which it was found, day of the month, year, &c.
These little memoranda often prove very useful afterwards.
The next point to notice is, that the usual positions of
birds' nests have exceptions at times. For instance, the
Water Ouzel, whose nest is usually near to some water-
fall or moist place (very often behind a waterfall, through
which she flies when disturbed), has been found nesting in

EGGS AND EGG-COLLECTING. 147

a tree twelve or thirteen feet from the water, and twenty
feet from the bank. This nest was of ordinary shape and
size, its material being of the same kind as others, and
resting on a forked branch. When the bird was disturbed,
she dived down into the water to make her escape ; and in
spite of wind, weather, and the awkward position she had
selected, she reared her young in safety. Then, again, the
Thrush, whose nest is generally found in hedges, amongst
rocks and old stone walls, has been found building on the
ground above a hundred yards away from any tree or
shrub.

In the following descriptions we have again instructed
the reader where to look for the nests, each in their usual
localities ; but if he cannot find the nests, and the birds
are seen, he must not be discouraged, as he may be looking
close to a nest and yet not be able to find it, the correspon-
dence in appearance of the material with its surroundings
being so close that it is very difficult even for a practised
eye to distinguish them at times. Many nests are found
through the alarm of the parent birds — some by their cry
and others by their flight and gesture. The Golden Plover
and Grouse feign lameness, and will make every effort to
get the stranger or intruder to pursue them in their desire
to decoy him from the whereabouts of their nests. Many
people, when nest-hunting (as when shooting, &c.), keep
their eyes fixed too much on one particular point of the
horizon, instead of sweeping from one point to another,
describing a kind of crescent with the eye. The country
youth is generally an adept at finding birds' nests, his
eyes being trained to the variation of colour and scene.
The gamekeeper's son is very often the individual to get
hold of for a collection, as he very frequently makes it a

148 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

special study to find birds' nests, and blow the eggs neatly
in the spring ; and of course his father preserves him the
eggs of Hawks, Magpies, and other birds injurious to his
game.

Of course the question will arise, how to get hold of
birds' eggs that are not to be found within hundreds of
miles of the collector's residence. The best way to get
these is to exchange eggs with people of other districts,
through the medium of advertisement or a friend. Another
valuable assistant may sometimes be found in an angling
friend, who generally meets with a great number and
variety of birds' nests in his travels — in fact, with nearly
all the British birds, with some rare exceptions.

Some collectors go in for preserving the nests as well as
the eggs ; but this is not of much use, unless taken when
new, as the young birds in many cases partially destroy
the nest. Moreover, this practice is a great deprivation to
the birds, and the great bulk of such collections is out of
all proportion to its real use or interest ; in many cases it
is almost impracticable, in fact, on account of the position
and size of the nest. If any of our readers should wish
to preserve these monuments of " instinctive genius," it
is well to pour a few drops of spirits of turpentine into
the material of which the nest is constructed, and then
bake it carefully in an oven, in order to kill all insects,
which are abundant in many nests. Dome-shaped nests,
such as those of the Wren family, or Dippers' nests,
ought to have wires put inside, to preserve their shape.

Some of our sweetest song-birds endure the vilest per-
secution only because they eat the black currants. In
many country houses may be seen whole strings of Black-
birds', Thrushes', and Ring Ouzels' eggs, the two latter

EGGS AND EGG-COLLECTING. 149

having to suffer for the misdeeds of the former, owing to
ignorance on the part of the people. A gentleman, whilst
travelling in the north of Yorkshire, says he called at a
small country cottage covered by ivy of immense growth,
and surrounded by some very nice little gardens, in which
were innumerable black currant trees. He found its sole
occupants to be three old maids, who managed to get a
living out of their gardens and a small farm. He was
struck by the number of birds' eggs they had got, all
threaded on to strings, and hung up against the old thick
walls of the windows, like the trophies of a Red Indian in
his wigwam. Upon making inquiry into their history,
one of them pointed to a rusty old piece hung upon the
cross-beam of the ceiling, saying, " When our poor brother
was alive he used to clear our pests away with that;
but now he is gone we try to keep the stock down by
taking their eggs, which we keep a sharp look-out for in
the spring, when we are attending to our farm and gather-
ing firewood in the surrounding neighbourhood/' Such
was the wanton destruction of the feathery tribe through
ignorantly confounding all with the one guilty culprit —
the Blackbird.

We therefore draw these general remarks to a close
with a repetition of the hope, that none of our readers
will take more eggs than is absolutely necessary for the
purposes of a collection.

THE GOLDFINCH.

THIS bird seems actually to prefer cultivated districts, as it
builds its nest in gardens and orchards, and has been even
known to build in rose-bushes and other trees trained against

150 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

a dwelling-house. The nest is composed of moss, a little
hay and wool, lined with seed-down of the willow and
hair neatly woven together. The eggs are four or five in
number ; white, tinged with blue, and spotted at the larger
end with raw sienna.

THE MAGPIE.

THE Magpie builds her nest on the tops of very tall trees,
but it has sometimes been found in comparatively small
bushes. It is large, domed, and almost spherical in
shape, composed of brambles, thorny sticks, clay, and finer
sticks, and lined inside with dead grass and fibrous roots ;
it has a hole on each side. She lays six or seven eggs of a
dirty light blue, spotted with yellowish-brown all over.

THE BULLFINCH.

THIS bird lays four or five eggs of a pale blue colour,
spotted and streaked with raw sienna, brown, or purple.
The nest is made of twigs and fibrous roots, and lined with
horsehair ; it is situated in thick garden and other hedges.
The female sits very close, so that she may even be touched
without leaving the nest.

THE STABLING.

THE Starling makes her nest of hay, straw, and fibrous
roots ; her favourite haunts are the gable-ends of old houses,
cliffs, and hollow trees. She lays four or five eggs of a
beautiful light blue, tinged with green. If she is left un-
disturbed, she will use the same nest for several years, with
a little repairing each spring. She is very affectionate to

EGGS.

x. Goldfinch, 2. Magpie. 3. Bullfinch. 4. Starling. 5. Chaffinch. 6. Raven
7. Linnet. 8. Rook. 9. Wren.

EGGS AND EGG-COLLECTING. 151

her young, and works in hearty co-operation with her mate
to procure them food, which is an enormous quantity in the
course of a day.

THE CHAFFINCH.

THE Chaffinch generally huilds her nest in the forks of
trees covered with lichens ; it is made of moss, wool, and
lichen, the inside being lined with hair and feathers. She
makes a beautiful nest, small but deep, and it harmonizes
so much with its situation that it is very difficult to find.
She lays four or five eggs of a grayish-blue, spotted and
streaked with a dirty purple- red. She sits very close, in
fact we once knew a bird remain on her nest till a mis-
chievous boy caught her by the tail, pulling it out as she
rose to fly ; and she returned and reared her young after
that.

THE KAVEN.

THE Raven lays five or six eggs of a gray-green ground
colour, spotted and blotched with a darker greenish or
smoky brown. She builds her nest in high, inaccessible
rocks and cliffs, either on the sea-shore or inland, and it is
sometimes found on the tops of lofty trees. It is composed
of sticks of various sizes and kinds, wool, and hair.

THE LINNET.

THIS little bird lays from four to six eggs of a whitish faint
blue tinge, speckled with purple-red, and her nest is com-
posed of moss, bent fibrous roots, and wool, lined inside
with hair and feathers. She builds in whitethorn, black-
thorn, and furze bushes ; very rarely in trees.

152 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

THE ROOK.

THE Book lays four or five eggs of a pale green colour,
spotted and blotched with greenish or smoky brown. She
makes her nest of sticks, straw, hay, &c., and is rather
particular about it, pulling it to pieces and rebuilding it
several times. Tall trees are usually selected, generally
near to some mansion or village, where the rooks form a
small colony. This bird lays very early, and has been
known to commence sitting even in November.

THE COMMON WREN.

THIS little bird lays six eggs of a yellowish-white tinge,
spotted at the larger end with a kind of brownish-red.
It builds several supplementary nests, which are simply
made of moss and lichen ; this is attributed to the male
bird by some naturalists ; but however this may be, as a
rule two of these nests will be bound to one of the others
lined with feathers, which is intended for incubation. The
nest is built in old barns, on the sides of cliffs, and in the
roots of trees ; it is dome-shaped, and has a very small
entrance.

THE JAY.

THE Jay lays five or six eggs of a pale greenish-blue,
sometimes yellowish-white, thickly spotted with minute
brown spots, generally confluent on the larger end, where
there are several irregular black lines. She builds her nest
in the thickest parts of woods, where it may be well out of
sight. It is composed of sticks, small twigs, small fibrous
roots, and grass.

EGGS,

i. Jay. 2. Sparrow. 3. Jackdaw. 4. Grouse. 5. Kestrel. 6. Robin.
7. Redpoll. 8. Ringdove. 9. Wryneck.

EGGS AXI) EGG-COLLECTING. 153

THE HOUSE SPARROW.

THIS familiar little bird builds her nest in the walls of old
stone houses, at the back of spouting1, and amongst ivy.
It is particularly fond of ejecting the Martin from Irer
carefully-built home, and has been even known to turn
out the eggs of this little harmless bird. She lays five or
six eggs, of a dirty white, covered with black or dark
brown spots.

THE JACKDAW.

THE Jackdaw builds her nest in towers of churches, the
ruins of old castles and abbeys, rocks, hollow trees, and
chalk pits. It is made of sticks, straw, and hay, with an
inner lining of large feathers and wool. The eggs are a
pale green-blue, spotted with dingy brown ; the spots are
confluent at the larger or thicker end.

THE COMMON GROUSE.

THE Grouse lays on an average about nine eggs; as many as
fifteen have been found, but this number has been by some
attributed to two birds, as they will sometimes build (if we
may term it such) within a yard of each other. Their nests
merely consist of a little hollow scratched out, arid lined
with heather or bent. The eggs are of a dirty white colour,
covered with umber-brown spots. Both the old birds are
very cunning in trying to decoy the intruder away from
the whereabouts of the nest, feigning lameness or injury.

THE KESTREL.

THE Kestrel lays four or five eggs of a dirty white, some-
times with a bluish tinge, thickly covered with reddish-
20

154 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

brown blotches. She makes a loose, slovenly nest of sticks,
hay, and wool, sometimes using scarcely any. Her nest is
generally situated on high mountain or sea cliffs, or the
tops of fir-trees; she has been known to occupy the
deserted nest of the crow.

THE EOBIN.

THIS beautiful little bird, the favourite of English children,
builds her nest in walls and banks, where roots and moss
abound. It is composed of moss, fibrous roots, and leaves,
and is sometimes lined with hair. She lays five or six eggs
of a very light gray, spotted with a dull light red ; some-
times these spots are very few.

THE EEDPOLL.

THE eggs of this bird are four or five in number, of a very
pale blue-green colour, spotted about the larger end with
orange-red. The eggs retain much of their pretty colour
after being blown, they are of such a beautiful blue. She
makes her nest of hay and moss, lined inside with willow-
down, and this is done as instinct only can do it, and
finished off in the most beautiful manner. She builds her
nest in willows, alders, and other bushes that fringe
streams and ponds in mountainous districts.

THE RINGDOVE.

THE Ringdove makes a very loose, slovenly nest of twigs
and sticks, and it is sometimes so badly built that the eggs
may be seen through the bottom of the nest. She builds
in fir, yew, or other trees, sometimes in ivy that grows
upon rocks and trees, very near the ground. She lays two
white eggs of a round e^i oval shape.

EGGS AND EGG-COLLECTING, 155

THE WRYNECK.

THE eggs of this bird are from five to eight in number, of
a pure white. She makes her nest in holes in the trunks
of trees. It is made of dry, rotten wood, which is ground
down to a kind of powder, and it has been found lined
with moss and feathers.

THE GOLDEN-CRESTED WREN.

THIS little bird, like the others of its tribe, lays a consider-
able number of eggs for its small size. They are eight or
nine in number, thickly spotted with reddish-brown, these
spots being confluent at the larger end. The underground
colour is a faint fleshy tint. Her nest is made of moss
and lichens, and is lined with willow-down and feathers.
The outside of the nest generally harmonises with its
situation, which is amongst the branches of a tree,
generally of the fir, from a branch of which the nest is
usually suspended.

THE WHITETHROAT.

THE White throat lays four or five eggs of a greenish-
white colour, spotted with brown and gray, the spots
forming a zone or belt round the larger end, and much
thicker. Her nest is made of dead grass and a little hair,
loosely attached, the nest being carelessly made. It is
situated in low thick herbage, or amongst nettles, or other
ground weeds.

THE SISKIN,

THIS bird lays four or five eggs of a bluish ground colour,
some being spotted all over with cloudy rusty spots, others
with these spots well defined about the larger end. Her

166 F AM I LI A R WILD BIRDS, : ~

nest is made of green r.moss, small .twigs, dried grass, and
sometimes lined "with feathers' and "rabbits'-down. The;
nest is rarely found in Britain ; its usual situation is
amongst furze-bushes.

THE THRUSH.

THE Thrush builds her nest in hedges, banks, against the
trunks of trees, in stone walls, and is fond of ivy against
trees or rocks. Her nest is made of grass and moss, the
interior being lined with clay or cow-dung, in which are
sometimes found pieces of decayed wood. She lays from
four to six eggs, of a beautiful blue spotted with black,
most of the spots being on the thick end of the egg.

THE GREENFINCH.

THIS bird Jays four or five eggs, which are white tinged
with blue, and speckled at the larger end with light orange-
brown. Her nest is situated in thick hedges, ivy, holly,
and other evergreens. It is composed of moss and wool,
and is lined with hair and feathers. The nests of these
birds have been found so close that the material of two
was interwoven together.

THE REDSTART.

THE nest of this bird is made of moss lined with hair and
feathers. It is situated in holes in rocks, walls, trees,
stables, and barns ; and the bird has been known to build
in a plant pot with the bottom upwards, entering through
the hole. She lays from five to seven eggs, of a pale
bluish-green, unspotted.

'EGGS

i. Goluen-crested Wren. 2. Whilethroat. 3. Siskin. A. Thrush. 5. Greenfinch.
6. Redstart; 7. Great lit. S. Teal. 9. Blackbird.

EGGS AND EGG-COLLECTING. 157

THE BLACKBIRD.

THE Blackbird builds her nest in stone walls, holly bushes,
hedges, and amongst ivy. It is made with small twigs,
roots, and cow-dung or clay intermixed, and lined inside
with very fine slender grass. _She has been known to try
to build on the side of a cliff, where the sticks, &c., would
not remain, but have fallen down until there was enough
to make half-a-dozen nests, yet the bird continued to bring
fresh material. She lays four, five, and rarely six eggs of a
dull bluish-green, spotted all over with brown blotches.

THE GEEAT TIT.

THE eggs of this bird are from six to twelve in number ;
their colour is white, spotted with a reddish-brown. The
nest is composed of moss, feathers, and hair, and is situated
in holes in walls and trees. The bird -has been known to
make these holes herself in the trunk of a tree, working
with great diligence and rapidity until she had finished.

THE TEAL.

THE Teal builds its nest where rushes are abundant, chiefly
on marshes in Scotland and the north of England. The
nest is composed of large quantities of dried sedges, flags,
and other water plants, and is lined with feathers. The
bird lays eight or ten eggs, which are white, without the
faintest tinge of blue.

THE NUTHATCH.

THIS bird lays from five to seven eggs in number, of a
pure white spotted with red -brown. They are very often
mistaken for the eggs of the Great Titmouse. The nest

158 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS.

is made of the dried leaves of the oak, apple, elm, &c.,
carelessly arranged. It is situated in a hole of a decaying
tree, and if too large at the entrance the bird plasters it up
until she can just get in and out comfortably.

THE COMMON SEAGULL.

THIS bird lays two, and sometimes three eggs, of a pale
green or a yellowish-white colour, irregularly blotched
with gray and blackish-brown. Her nest is made of sea-
weed, dry grass, &c., and is found on sea cliffs and bold
rocky headlands, such as St. Abb's Head in Berwickshire.

THE GREEN WOODPECKER.

THE eggs of this bird are three or four in number, of a
very light bluish-tinged white colour. Her nest is made
entirely of the pieces of wood chipped off by the bird in
her boring operations. It is placed in the trunk of a tree,
frequently in a hole which the bird herself has previously
excavated, and perhaps used before. She seems to have
a particular liking for the aspen and black poplar tree.

THE KINGFISHER.

THIS bird lays six or seven eggs, nearly round, white and
shining. When fresh and unblown, the yolk shows through
the shell, and gives it a beautiful pink colour, something
similar to the Dipper's, but more clear and vivid. The
nest is composed of the bones of fishes, and is generally
in the Sandmartin's previous excavations, about three or
four feet above the usual surface of the water.

EGGS.

i. Nuthatch. 2. Sea Gull. 3 Woodpecker. 4. Kingfisher. 5. Moorhen.
6. Nightingale. 7. Lapwing. 8. Barn Owl. 9. Crossbill.

EGGS AND EGG-COLLECTING. 159

THE MOOR-HEX.

THE eggs of this familiar and semi-domestic bird are from
eight to ten in number, of a pale brownish-grey, spotted
with umber-brown. This bird, like the duck, when leaving
the nest covers her eggs with flags and reeds, of which also
the nest is made. She builds among the sedges on the
banks of streams and ponds, and sometimes in trees.
Nests have often been found in willow-branches which
touch and float upon the water.

THE NIGHTINGALE.

THE eggs of this bird are from four to six in number, and
are usually of a yellowish olive-brown colour, unspotted,
but are occasionally found blue. Her nest is made of dried
leaves, lined inside with fine grass. It is situated on the
ground in woods and shrubberies, especially on the little
banks at the foot of trees, under the shelter of ferns or
weeds.

THE LAPWING.

THE Lapwing, or Green Plover, makes a very simple nest,
only scratching a hole and lining it with bent or short
grass. She generally makes it on a little knoll, so that it
may be out of danger of being deluged, as her home is
generally in swampy marshy land. She lays four eggs of a
dirty-green ground, blotched all over with dark brown
spots, and the colour harmonises so well with the ground,
that it is sometimes very difficult for the collector to see
them even when looking close to where they are.

THE BARN OWL.

THE Barn Owl lays two eggs at a time, that is, lays two
and hatches them, and lays again, even to a second and

160 FAMILIAR WILD 3IRDS.

third time, before the first have flown. They are white
and unspotted. She makes a very slight nest of sticks,
hay, and sometimes of her own cast-off feathers. She
selects barns, old ruins, hollow trees, and crevices of rocks,
overshadowed by ivy or creeping1 plants.

THE CROSS-BILL.

THIS bird lays four or five eggs of a white colour, tinged
with pale blue, resembling the colour of skim-milk, and
speckled with red, but only very sparingly. Her nest is
made of twigs, grass, and sometimes lined with a few
long hairs. She builds mostly among the branches of
the Scotch fir, the nest being generally close to the boll
or stem.

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Jack Mars ton's Anchor.

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Rags
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"Follow my Leader."

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The Phantom of the River.

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Ned in the Woods. A Tale
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A Story of Pioneer Life in

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The Young Ranchers.
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in the Sand.
Bob.

story of Five Little
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The Giant's Cradle.
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The Magic Mirror.
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Wee Willie Winkie.
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Three Wee Ulster Lassies.
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The Chip Boy.

Haggles
_Empe

es, Baggies, and the

ere

Roses from Thorns.
Faith's Father.
By Land and Sea.
The Young Berringtons.
Jeff and Leff.

Tom Morris's Error.

Worth more than Gold.

" Through Flood — Through

Fire."
The Girl with the Golden

Locks.
Stories of the Olden Time.

Library of Wonders. Illustrated Gift-books for Boys. Cloth,, is. 6d.

Wonderful Escapes.
Wonders of Animal

Instinct

I Wonderful Balloon Ascents.
Wonders of Bodily Strength and Skill.

The "World in Pictures" Series. Illustrated throughout Cheap Edition, is. 6d. each.
A Ramble Round France. The Eastern Wonderland (Japan).

All the Russias. Glimpses of South America.

Chats about Germany. Round Africa.

Peeps into China. _ The Land of Temples JIndia).

Pyramids (Egypt).

Tho Isles of the Pacific.

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Margaret's Enemy.
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In Quest of Gold ; or, Under

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Martin Leigh's Log.

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Marion's Two Homes.
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Two Fourpenny Bits.

Poor Nelly.

Tom Heriot.

Aunt Tabitha's Waifs.

In Mischief Again.

Through Peril to Fortune.

I*eggy, and other Tales.

Working to Win.
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CasseU's Pictorial Scrap Book.

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In Twenty-four Books, each containing 32

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Rhymes for the Young Folk. By William
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The Sunday Scrap Book. With Several
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Cassell's Swiss Family Robinson.
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Illus-

The New " Little Folks " Painting Book. Containing nearly 350 Outline Illustrations suitable for

Colouring, is.

Dr. Guthrie, Father Ma

ritt, Joseph Livesey.
Sir Henry Havelook and Colin Campbell

Lord Cly<~

The World's Workers. A Series of New and Original Volumes by Popular
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John Cassell. By G. Holden Pike. Dr. Guthrie, Father Mathew, Elihu Bur-

Charles Haddon Spurgeon. By G. Holden

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Dr. Arnold of Rugby. By Rose E. Selfe.
The Earl of Shaftesbury.
Sarah Robinson, Agnes Weston, and Mrs.

Thomas A. Edison and Samuel F. B. Morse.

Mrs. Somerville and Mary Carpenter.

General Gordon.

Charles Dickens.

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Frances Ridley Havergal, Mrs. Ran-

yardf'L. N. R.").

7de.

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».• The above Works can also be had Three in One Vol., cloth, gilt edges, y.

CASSELL <fc COMPANY, Limited, Ludgate Hill, London;
Pans <b Melbourne.

RETUKN

FOURTEEN DAY USE

BOKKOWBD

APR - 3 1978

.

Subject to Recall

General

University or Cr
Berkeley

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